Fatty acids most abundant

This series is based on the number of carbon atoms present between the terminal methyl group and the nearest double bond (0-3 and (0-6 are essential fatty acids. Most abundant unsaturated fatty acids in animal lipids. 

C22 4(o6 C22 4A 7 Docosatetraenoic acid Most abundant fatty acids in the early human brain... 

The term fat is applied to solid esters of fatty acids with glycerol (glycerides) if the fat is liquid at the ordinary temperature, it is conventionally called a fatty oil, vegetable oil or animal oil. The acids which occur most abundantly are palmitic ticid CH3(CHj),4COOH, stearic acid CH3(CH2)isCOOH and oleic acid CH3(CH2),CH=CH(CH2),C00H. Upon hydrolysis, fats yield glycerol and the alkali salts of these acids (soaps) ... 

Phosphorus. Eighty-five percent of the phosphoms, the second most abundant element in the human body, is located in bones and teeth (24,35). Whereas there is constant exchange of calcium and phosphoms between bones and blood, there is very Httle turnover in teeth (25). The Ca P ratio in bones is constant at about 2 1. Every tissue and cell contains phosphoms, generally as a salt or ester of mono-, di-, or tribasic phosphoric acid, as phosphoHpids, or as phosphorylated sugars (24). Phosphoms is involved in a large number and wide variety of metaboHc functions. Examples are carbohydrate metaboHsm (36,37), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from fatty acid metaboHsm (38), and oxidative phosphorylation (36,39). Common food sources rich in phosphoms are Hsted in Table 5 (see also Phosphorus compounds). 

Detailed accounts of the biosynthesis of the prostanoids have been pubUshed (14—17). Under normal circumstances arachidonic acid (AA) is the most abundant C-20 fatty acid m vivo (18—21) which accounts for the predominance of the prostanoids containing two double bonds eg, PGE2 (see Fig. 1). Prostanoids of the one and three series are biosynthesized from dihomo-S-linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acids, respectively. Concentrations ia human tissue of the one-series precursor, dihomo-S-linolenic acid, are about one-fourth those of AA (22) and the presence of PGE has been noted ia a variety of tissues (23). The biosynthesis of the two-series prostaglandins from AA is shown ia Eigure 1. These reactions make up a portion of what is known as the arachidonic acid cascade. Other Hpid products of the cascade iaclude the leukotrienes, lipoxins, and the hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). Collectively, these substances are termed eicosanoids. 

Unsaturated fatty acids are slightly more abundant in nature than saturated fatty acids, especially in higher plants. The most common unsaturated fatty acid... 

More than LOO different fatty acids are known, and about 40 occur widely. Palmitic acid (C ) and stearic acid (Cjy) are the most abundant saturated fatty adds oleic and linoleic acids (both Care the most abundant unsaturated ones. Oleic acid is monounsaturated since it has only one double bond, whereas linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids because they have more than one double bond. Linoleic and linolenic... 

Phosphatidylcholine, commonly known as lecithin, is the most commonly occurring in natnre and consists of two fatty add moieties in each molecule. Phosphati-dylethanolamine, also known as cephahn, consists of an amine gronp that can be methylated to form other compounds. This is also one of the abundant phospholipids of animal, plant, and microbial origin. Phosphatidylserine, which has weakly acidic properties and is found in the brain tissues of mammals, is found in small amounts in microorganisms. Recent health claims indicate that phosphatidylserine can be used as a brain food for early Alzheimer s disease patients and for patients with cognitive dysfunctions. Lysophospholipids consist of only one fatty acid moiety attached either to sn-1 or sn-2 position in each molecule, and some of them are quite soluble in water. Lysophosphatidylchohne, lysophosphatidylserine, and lysophos-phatidylethanolamine are found in animal tissues in trace amounts, and they are mainly hydrolytic products of phospholipids. 

Laurie, myristic, palmitic, and stearic fatty acids make up most of the saturated fatty acids found in fats. Oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid are the most abundant unsaturated fatty acids found in oils. 

The application of 13C NMR for the rapid analysis of the oil composition of oil seeds is well known [16], 13C NMR has recently been applied to the quantitative analysis of the most abundant fatty acids in olive oil [17]. The values obtained by this method differed by only up to 5% compared with GLC analysis. The quantitative analysis was applied to the olefmic region of the high resolution 13C NMR spectrum of virgin olive oil to detect adulteration by other oils which differed significantly in their fatty acid composition. The application of the methodology for the detection of adulteration of olive oil by hazelnut oil is more challenging as both oils have similar chemical profiles and further experiments are in progress. 

Albumin is the most abundant (about 55%) of the plasma proteins. An important function of albumin is to bind with various molecules in the blood and serve as a carrier protein, transporting these substances throughout the circulation. Substances that bind with albumin include hormones amino acids fatty acids bile salts and vitamins. Albumin also serves as an osmotic regulator. Because capillary walls are impermeable to plasma proteins, these molecules exert a powerful osmotic force on water in the blood. In fact, the plasma colloid osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins is the only force that retains water within the vascular compartment and therefore maintains blood volume (see Chapter 15). Albumin is synthesized in the liver. 

Unsaturated fatty acids are probably the most abundant oxidizable endogenous substrates. In the past it was erroneously believed that unsaturated fatty acids are just products of lipid peroxidation. Now, it has been shown that they have dietary origin. Family of unsaturated fatty acids includes linoleic (Ci8), arachidonic (C2o), docosahexaenoic (C22), and other fatty acids containing two, three, four, five, or six double bonds. Some acids can be in vivo converted into others for example, linoleic acid can be metabolized to linolenic and eicosa-trienoic acids [78]. 

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids that are most abundant in fatty fish such as sardines, salmon, and mackerel. A diet high in EPA plus DHA or supplementation with these fish oils reduces the risk of cardiovascular mortality, reinfarction, and stroke in patients who have experienced an MI. 

Serum albumin is the most abundant protein in blood plasma. Its primary function is to control the colloidal osmotic pressure in blood, but is also important for its buffering capacity and for its ability to transport fatty acids and bilirubin, as well as xenobiotic molecules. The physiological implications of its esterase-like activity are unknown (see Sect. 3.7.5). 

As shown in Table 1, the acyl moiety of cardiolipin is comprised almost entirely of unsaturated fatty acids. Other membrane phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine contain 1(M0 mol of saturatedfatty acids such as palmitic acid (Ci6 0) and stearic acid (Ci8 0) per 100 mol of total fatty acids. In particular,linoleic acid (Cl8 2) is the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid consisting of 80 mol%, linolenic acid (Cl8 3) 8 mol%, and oleic acid (Ci8 i) 6 mol%. Therefore, by using a commercially available cardiolipin purified from bovine heart mitochondria, we characterized auto-oxidation products by reverse phase HPTLC and reverse phase HPLC. 

Here are the key points. First, the most abundant volatiles in tomatoes are derived from catabolism of essential fatty acids. Linoleic acid is the precursor for hexanal and linolenic acid is that for cw-3-hexenal, cH-3-hexenol, and trans-2-hexenal. All of these are important flavor elements in the tomato. A healthy diet for people requires... 

Phospholipids containing phosphatidyl, inositol, lecithin, serine, and ethanolamine (Stevenson 1986) are the second most abundant identifiable form of organic P in the upper layer of the subsurface. These groups contain glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphate (Sims and Pierzjinski 2005). The P in the structure is a diester, which is more susceptible to degradation in soils than monoesters. 

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