VTA Ventral tegmental area

Figure 7.4 Summary of some of the wide array of afferent and efferent connections of midbrain dopaminergic neurons (SN/A9, RRF/A8, and VTA/A10 in center of figure). This emphasizes their potential involvement in coordination of seemingly disparate behaviors inclusive of the sleep-wake state of the organism. Abbreviations BP, blood pressure BST, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis CEA, central nucleus of the amygdala MEA, midbrain extrapyramidal area NTS, nucleus of the solitary tract O2, oxygen tension PPN, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus RRF, retrorubral field SN, substantia nigra VTA, ventral tegmental area.

Abbreviations VTA ventral tegmental area ZR zona reticulata of substantia nigra AQ quiet waking AM moving waking SWS slow wave sleep. Reprinted from Elsevier, with permission. 

RNAi RNA interference shRNA small-hairpin RNA GFP green fluorescent protein DMA digital manipulator arm SAS stereotaxic alignment system AP anterior/posterior ML medial/lateral DV dorsal/ventral i.p. intraperitoneally s.c. subcutaneously VTA Ventral tegmental area... 

Na+, are voltage-activated Na+ channels involved Ca2+, are voltage-activated Ca2+ channels involved , increase J., decrease n.d., not determined NA, noradrenaline DA, dopamine VTA, ventral tegmental area. 

List of Abbreviations CKU, chronic ketamine users COMT, catechol-O-methyltransferase DA, dopamine DAT, DA transporters DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex EC, entorhinal cortex MPFC, medial prefrontal cortex NET, norepinephrine transporters PFC, prefrontal cortex SN, substantia nigra VTA, ventral tegmental area TH, tyrosine hydroxylase WCST, Wisconsin Cart Sort Task WM, working memory... 

PP, peripeduncular nucleus PR, prerubral field Reth, retroethmoid nucleus RMC, red nucleus, magnocellular RPC, red nucleus, parvocellular scp, superior cerebellar peduncle SNC, substantia nigra, compact part SNL, substantia nigra, lateral part SNR, substantia nigra, reticular part SPFPC, subparafascicular thalamic nucleus, parvocellular part SuML, supramammillary nucleus, lateral part VTA, ventral tegmental area VTM, ventral tuberomammillary nucleus ZID, zona incerta, dorsal part ZIV, zona incerta, ventral part 3, oculomotor nucleus 3n, oculomotor nerve or its root. Reproduced with permission from Paxinos and Watson (1998) and Paxinos et al. (1999). 

Fig. 12. The diagram, redrawn from Fallon and Loughlin (1995), summarizes the distribution in the rat of midbrain dopaminergic neurons which give origin to different sets of telencephalic projections. Abbreviations CP, cerebral peduncle ml, medial lemniscus MT, medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract SNc, substantia nigra, pars compacta SN1, substantia nigra, pars lateralis SNr, substantia nigra, pars reticulata VTA, ventral tegmental area.

VPPn ventral peduncular pontine nucleus 51 VRe ventral reuniens thalamic nucleus 24-33, 80, 98-101 vsc ventral spinocerebellar tract 53-77, 83-85, 96-103 VTA ventral tegmental area 40-47, 80-82, 95-98 VTg ventral tegmental nucleus 53-55, 80, 99-100 vtgx ventral tegmental decussation 40-45, 79-81, 96, 98 VTM ventral tuberomammillary nucleus 35-38, 82, 90 VTRZ visual tegmental relay zone 40-42, 80, 98 VTT ventral tenia tecta 6-8, 80-81, 98-101... 

NTCP sodium-taurocholate cotransporting VTA ventral tegmental area... 

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