Nicotine delivery

Nicotine Delivery Systems. For all transdermal nicotine products, the hypothesis is that continuous deflvery of nicotine [34-11-3] ne t trough levels during smoking should alleviate physical nicotine withdrawal symptoms and allow the smoker to concentrate on eliminating the behavioral aspects of addiction. 

Ayo-Yusuf OA, Swart TJP, Hckworth WB (2004) Nicotine delivery capabilities of smokeless tobacco products and imphcations for control of tobacco dependence in South Africa. Tob Control 13 186-189... 

The primary alkaloid in tobacco is nicotine, but tobacco also contains small amounts of minor alkaloids such as anabasine, anatabine, myosmine, and others. The minor alkaloids are absorbed systemically and can be measured in the urine of smokers and users of smokeless tobacco (Jacob et al. 1999). The measurement of minor alkaloids is a way to quantitate tobacco use when a person is also taking in pure nicotine from a nicotine medication or a nontobacco nicotine delivery system. This method has been used to assess tobacco abstinence in clinical trials of smoking cessation with treatment by nicotine medications (Jacob et al. 2002). 

Henningfleld JE, Keenan RM (1993) Nicotine delivery kinetics and abuse Uability. J Consult Cfin Psychol 61(5) 743-750... 

Cigarette characteristics that influence nicotine delivery to the smoker (including nicotine and ammonium content in tobacco filler) as well as human smoking behavior, deserve special consideration, because nicotine causes and maintains addiction that leads to chronic exposure to a chemical toxicant with known harmful health effects, including cancer (UDHHS 2004 lARC 2004 2007). 

In 1997, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. introduced Eclipse, a nicotine delivery device purported to deliver lower levels of smoke toxicants than conventional cigarettes. Eclipse uses a carbon fuel element to vaporize nicotine in the rod the user then inhales the nicotine vapor. Venous plasma nicotine boost among ten smokers... 

Laugesen M (2003) Tobacco manufacturers returns for calendar year 2002. Report to the Ministry of Health, New Zealand. Health New Zealand, 2003 Lee EM, Malson JL, Moolchan ET, Pickworth WB (2004) Quantitative comparison between a nicotine delivery device (Eclipse) and conventional cigarette smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 6 95-102... 

Multiple publications (Pankow et al. 1997 Ingebrethsen et al. 2001 Pankow et al. 2003 Watson et al. 2004) have discussed measuring free-base nicotine directly, addressed the importance of free-base nicotine delivery, and examined the chemical properties of nicotine in cigarette smoke as an important determinant of the effective delivery and bioavailability of nicotine from cigarettes. Pankow et al. (1997) examined how ammonia influences nicotine delivery in tobacco smoke and concluded that conversion of nicotine to the free-base form could be facilitated by ammonia. Based on a theoretical treatment, Pankow et al. (1997) concluded that, under certain circumstances, up to 40% of the nicotine could be available as the volatile free-base form. These authors also concluded that the rate of volatilization was more rapid than that previously measured by Lewis et al. (1995) using denuder technology to examine the properties of mainstream cigarette smoke. 

Evidence from the tobacco industry documents, from research studies that measure free-base directly in tobacco smoke particulate, and from examination of smokeless tobacco products, all show that the level of free-base nicotine as delivered to the tobacco user is a critical variable in the acceptance of tobacco products and their continued use. The physiological impact of the rapid delivery of nicotine in the free-base form is a critical determinant of continued nicotine-seeking behavior, with the unintended consequences of exposure to the other toxic components of tobacco smoke and smokeless tobacco. Evaluating total delivered nicotine alone is not sufficient to characterize product differences. To fully understand the influence nicotine has on the allure of these products, both total and free-nicotine levels must be measured. A comprehensive understanding of nicotine delivery is needed to help find effective means for breaking its addictive nature and, ultimately, in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with tobacco use. The levels of free-base nicotine must be included as part of any effort to achieve a better understanding of how tobacco products themselves influence their continued use. 

Gullotta FP, Hayes CS, Martin BR (1990) The electrophysiological and subjective consequences of tobacco filler pH modifications a proposal. Available from http //ltdlimages, library,ucsf edu/imagesx/x/x/x/xxx74e00/Sxxx74e00,pdf, Accessed 23 July 2007 Henningfield JE, Keenan RM (1993) Nicotine delivery kinetics and abuse liability, J Consult Clin Psychol 61 743-750... 

Henningfield JE, Pankow IF, Garrett BE (2003) Ammonia and other chemical base tobacco additives and cigarette nicotine delivery issues and research needs. Nicotine Tobacco Res 6 199-205... 

Wayne GF, Connolly GN, Henningfield JE (2006) Brand differences of free-base nicotine delivery in cigarette smoke the view of the tobacco industry document. Tobacco Control 15 189-198 Wilbert J (1987) Tobacco and shamanism in South America. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, p 294... 

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