Animal inhalation studies

There are no animal inhalation studies but many oral ones that describe adverse neurological effects (Bushnell and Bowman 1979a, 1979b Bushnell and Levin 1983 Cory-Slechta et al. 1983, 1985 ... 

Many of the respiratory tract lesions in animal inhalation studies consist of proliferation, particularly in the upper respiratory tract. Animal studies also identify the upper respiratory tract as a site for... 

When using animal inhalation studies for assessment of the risk to human health of airborne fibers, it is critical to demonstrate that the characteristics and concentrations of the experimental fiber aerosols are comparable to those in human exposure situations." NIOSH has two criteria for defining fibers A rules (total fibers) and B rules (respirable fibers)."... 

Coon RA, Jones RA, Jenkins LJ Jr, et al Animal inhalation studies on ammonia, ethylene glycol, formaldehyde, dimethylamine, and ethanol. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 16 646-655, 1970... 

Two-year animal inhalation studies have shown nickel oxide and nickel subsulfide to be carcinogenic in rats, resulting in alveolar/bron-chiolar adenomas and tumors of the adrenal medulla nickel subsulfide was not carcinogenic to mice, whereas nickel oxide caused equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity in mice based on alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and carcinomas.Nickel sulfate was not carcinogenic in rodent assays but did cause an inflammatory response in the lungs of animals. 

NT023 Coggins, C.R. A minireview of chronic animal inhalation studies with mainstream cigarette smoke. Inhal Toxicol 2002 14(10) 991-1002. 

Other effects of oral PBB exposure include decreased thyroid function, body weight loss, and liver cancer. Adverse hepatic as well as dermal and ocular effects have been observed in a limited number of dermal studies in animals. No significant adverse effects were observed in animal inhalation studies of PBBs, but only two studies have been conducted (one with octabromobiphenyl and one w ith decabromobiphenyl). 

White Phosphorus Smoke. There is no information on populations that would be usually susceptible to the toxicity of white phosphorus smoke. Based on human and animal inhalation studies, it is possible that individuals with pre-existing respiratory problems may be more sensitive. 

Chronic-Duration Exposure and Cancer. Data concerning chronic exposures of humans to DEHP were not identified in the available literature. A chronic inhalation MRL was not derived from the data from the one existing chronic animal inhalation study due to the limited number of end points that were evaluated (longevity and cancer incidence). Due to the fact that the vapor pressure of DEHP is very low and the impact on body burden of DEHP following inhalation and dermal exposure is expected to be minimal relative to oral exposure, specific studies of chronic inhalation exposures to DEHP are not recommended at this time. 

TABLE 23.3. Summaty of lethal animal inhalation studies with phosgene... 

An animal inhalation study involved exposure of rats to cerium oxide particles substantially larger than those in diesel emission. The exposure concentrations ranged between 5 and 500mgm for 13 weeks. Effects observed included lung discoloration. 

Consideration of multiple exposure routes is even more important in animal inhalation studies, because chemicals may be accumulated in fur, and also might be... 

TABLE 25.3 Summary of Lethal Animal Inhalation Studies with Phosgene... 

Oberdorster G. Extrapolation of results from animal inhalation studies with particles to humans In Mohr U, Dungworth DL, Mauderly JL, Oberdorster G, eds. Toxic and Carcinogenic Effects of Solid Particles in the Respiratory Tract. Washington, DC International Life Sciences Institute Press, 1994 335-353. 

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