Smoking behavior

Like mAChRs, nAChRs have been implicated in the etiology of ALheimef s disease and related dementias as well as in gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders. Nicotine has high abuse potential and is the primary component in reinforcing smoking behaviors. Nicotine patches have been... 

MEASUREMENT IN THE ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT OF SMOKING BEHAVIOR. John Grabowski, Ph.D., and Catherine S. Bell, M.S., eds. 

Scott, D., Heitzeg, M., Ni, L., Domino, E., Zubieta, J. Endogenous opioid neurotransmission and tobacco smoking behavior a PET study. Paper presented at the Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, CA, 2004. 

Fig. 22.2 Existing studies of links between polymorphisms in genes and their relationship to smoking behavior. DAT 1, dopamine transporter DRD1, dopamine D1 receptor ...

Perhaps because of these effects on metabolism of brain amines CYP2D6 status has been linked to personality traits [34]. These personality traits are themselves associated with tobacco dependence and hence provide another possible mechanism finking allelic variation at the CYP2D6 locus to smoking behavior. 

Sabol SZ et al. A genetic association for cigarette smoking behavior. Health Psychol 1999 18(1)7-13. 

Saarikoski ST et al. CYP2D6 ultrarapid metabolizer genotype as a potential modifier of smoking behavior. Pharmacogenetics 2000 10(1) 5—10. 

Duggirala R, Almasy L, J. Blangero J. Smoking behavior is under the influence of a major quantitative trait locus on human chromosome 5q. Genet Epidemiol 1999 17(Suppl 1) 139-144. 

Tyndale RF, Sellers EM. Genetic variation in CYP2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism alters smoking behavior. Ther Drug Monit 2002 24(1) 163-171. 

Heishman SJ, Stitzer ML, Yingling JE. (1989). Effects of tetrahydrocannabinol content on marijuana smoking behavior, subjective reports, and performance. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 34(1) 173-79. Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Johnson, MR, Melvin LS, de Costa BR, Rice KC. (1991). Characterization and localization of cannabinoid receptors in the rat brain a quantitative in vitro autoradiographic study. J Neurosci. 11 563-83. 

Somewhere between 70% and 90% of human cancers appear to be of environmental origin. Here environmental is used very broadly, and refers to anything not genetic. It refers not only to industrial chemicals and pollutants, but includes factors such as diet, sexual habits, smoking behavior, and natural and manmade radiation. 

An understanding of the pharmacology of nicotine and how nicotine produces addiction and influences smoking behavior provides a necessary basis for therapeutic advances in smoking cessation interventions. This chapter provides a review of several aspects of the human pharmacology of nicotine. These include the presence and levels of nicotine and related alkaloids in tobacco products, the absorption of nicotine from tobacco products and nicotine medications, the distribution of nicotine in body tissues, the metabolism and renal excretion of nicotine, nicotine and cotinine blood levels during tobacco use or nicotine replacement therapy, and biomarkers of nicotine exposure. For more details and references on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of nicotine, the reader is referred to Hukkanen et al. (2005c). 

Johansson CJ, Olsson P, Bende M, Carlsson T, Gunnarsson PO (1991) Absolute bioavailabUity of nicotine applied to different nasal regions, Eur J Clin Pharmacol 41(6) 585-588 Johnstone E, Benowitz N, Cargill A, Jacob R, Hinks L, Day 1, Murphy M, Walton R (2006) Determinants of the rate of nicotine metabolism and effects on smoking behavior, Chn Pharmacol Ther 80(4) 319-330... 

Kandel DB, Hu MC, Schaffran C, Udry JR, Benowitz NL (2007) Urine nicotine metabolites and smoking behavior in a multiracial/multiethnic national sample of young adults. Am J Epidemiol... 

Cigarette characteristics that influence nicotine delivery to the smoker (including nicotine and ammonium content in tobacco filler) as well as human smoking behavior, deserve special consideration, because nicotine causes and maintains addiction that leads to chronic exposure to a chemical toxicant with known harmful health effects, including cancer (UDHHS 2004 lARC 2004 2007). 

Melikian AA, Djordjevic MV, Hosey J, Zhang J, Chen S, Zang E, Muscat J, SteUman SD (2007b) Gender differences relative to smoking behavior and emission of toxins from mainstream cigarette smoke. Nicotine Tob Res 9(3) 377-387... 

Munafo M, Clark T, Johnstone E, Murphy M, Walton R (2004) The genetic basis for smoking behavior a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 6 583-597 Murphy SE, Raulinaitis V, Brown KM (2005) Nicotine 5 -oxidation and methyl oxidation by P450 2A enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 33 1166-1173... 

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