Tobacco extract

The best source of the alkaloids is commercial nicotine or the concentrated tobacco extracts, used as horticultural insecticides. The average alkaloidal content of tobacco leaf is about 4,- and does not as a rule exceed 6, per cent. In 1,026 parts of the total alkaloids of Kentucky tobacco, Pictet and Rotschy found nicoteine 20, nicotimine 5 and nicotelline 1, the rest being nicotine, but, as Markwood has pointed out. 

Tabak, m. tobacco, -asche, /. tobacco ashes, auszug, m. tobacco extract, -bau, m. tobacco cultivation, -beize, /. sauce (for tobacco). -blatt, n. tobacco leaf, tabakbraun, a. tobacco-brown. 

This method requires about 40 g of tobacco which are extracted with ethyl acetate in the presence of ascorbic acid. A trace amount of C-NDELA is added as an internal standard for quantitative analytical work. The filtered extract is concentrated and NDELA is enriched by column chromatography of the concentrate on silica gel. The residues of fractions with p-activity are pooled and redissolved in acetonitrile. Initially, we attempted to separate NDELA on a 3% OV-225 Chromosorb W HP column at 210 C using a GC-TEA system with direct interface similar to the technique developed by Edwards a. for the analysis of NDELA in urine (18). We found this method satisfactory for reference compounds however, it was not useful for an optimal separation of NDELA from the crude concentrate of the tobacco extract (Figure 4). Therefore, we silylated the crude concentrate with BSTFA and an aliquot was analyzed by GC-TEA with direct interface. The chromatographic conditions were 6 ft glass column filled with 3% OV-... 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1994) Surveillance for selected tobacco-use behaviors - United States, 1900-1994, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 43(3) 1 3 Charlton A (2004) Medicinal uses of tobacco in history, J R Soc Med 97(6) 292-296 Christofides N (2003) Tobacco control and sustainable development in Africa, INWAT workshop presentations from the 12th world conference on tobacco or health, 24 Nov 2007, http //www,inwat,org/ppp/inwatmain,htm. Last accessed 20 Oct 2008 Derezic D, Zurak N, Marekovic Z (2001) Tobacco extract used as a remedy for urinary retention 150 years ago by the native population of the Balkans, J Ethnopharmacol 76(1) 133 Doll R (1999) Tobacco a medical history, J Urban Health 76(3) 289-313... 

Yildiz D, Liu Y-S, Ercal N, Armstrong DW (1999) Comparison of pure nicotine- and smokeless tobacco extract-induced toxicities and oxidative stress. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 37 434-439... 

Chinese hamster ovary cells. The number of aberrant metaphases increased in cultures with 15 mL tobacco extract per milliliter of growth media Water extract of the dried leaf, administered to mice at a dose of 9.40 g/kg, 6 days a week for 10 months, was active on bone marrow. A combination of Piper betle, Areca catechu, and Nicotiana tabacum was used . Seed, administered orally to adults with oral cancer and oral submucosal fibrosis and to healthy chewers, was active. An average of 6 quids of tobacco leaf, Areca nuts, and lime were chewed daily T . ... 

Cytotoxic effect. Gas phase of mainstream cigarette smoke, in monolayer culture of mouse lung epithelial cells, produced an increase in cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Cell viability of cultures exposed to gas phase with only the nonorganic components was equivalent to controls. Removal of volatile organic constituents resulted in almost elimination of cytotoxicity of the smoke . Smoke condensate and tobacco extract, at high concentrations in Lewis lung adenocarcinoma cells and mice spleen lymphocytes, were cytotoxic. Smaller doses increased thymidine incorporation in both cell types. Lymphocytes were more susceptible to the toxic effect of tobacco prod-... 

NTOl6 Petro, T. M. Modulation of lL-12 p35 and p40 promoter activity by smokeless tobacco extract is associated with an effect upon activation of NF-kappaB but not IRF transcription factors. Int Immunopharmacol 2003 3(5) 735-745. 

In vitro effects of smokeless tobacco extract on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNE-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-lbeta) production, and on lymphocyte proliferation. Toxicon 1998 36(4) 631-637. 

NT058 Bagchi, M., D. Bagchi, E. Adickes, and S. J. Stohs. Chronic effects of smokeless tobacco extract on rat liver histo-pathology, and production of HSP-90. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 1995 14(2) 61-68. 

NT062 Petro, T. M., and S. Zhang. The effect of smokeless tobacco extract on murine T cell cytokine production. Immune-pharmacology 1997 36(1) 17-26. 

NT072 Bagchi, D., E. A. Hassoun, M. Bagchi, and S. J. Stohs. Protective effects of free radical scavengers and antioxidants against smokeless tobacco extract (STE) induced oxidative stress in macrophage J774A.1. Cell cultures. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1995 29(3) 424-428. 

Kaplan. Immunostimulatory potential of smokeless tobacco extract in in vitro cultures of murine lymphoid tissues. Immunopharmacology 1993 25(2) 95-105. 

NT094 Lenz, L.G., W. K. Ramp, R. J. Galvin, and W. M. Pierce Jr. Inhibition of cell metabolism by a smokeless tobacco extract tissue and species specificity. 

NTl 73 Bock, F. G., and D. F. Clausen. Further fractionation and co-promoting activity of the large molecular weight components of aqueous tobacco extracts. Carcinogenesis 1980 1(4) 317-321. 

Adhvaryu. Genotoxic effects of tobacco extract on Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cancer Lett 1993 70(1/2) 107-112. 

NT551 Rao, V. P., D. Chowdary, and R. Narayanan. Effect of aqueous tobacco extract on the bioenergetis parameters of the snail host, Lymnaea luteola. Proc Tent Int Congress Trop Med Malaria 1980 355-. 

Hirsch, J. M., B. Svennerholm, and A. Vahlne. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication by tobacco extracts. 

Crofcheck, C., Loiselle, M Weekley, J Maiti, 1., Pattanaik, S., Bummer, PM., and Jay, M. (2003). Histidine tagged protein recovery from tobacco extract by foam fractionation. Biotechnol. Prog. 19(2) 680-682. 

Platis, D. and Lebrou, N.E. (2006). Development of an aqueous two-phase partitioning system for fractionating therapeutic proteins from tobacco extract. J. Chromatogr.A 1128(1-2) 114-124. 

Nicotine or (S)-3-(l-methyl-2-pyrrolidin-2-yl) pyridine Biopesticide Predominantly respiratory action Tobacco extracts against sucking insects 11-15... 

Natural nicotine is the levo variety. Physiologically the alkaloid affects both the central and peripheral nerves and increases the activity of the secreting glands. In more than minimum doses it is a poison. It is not used to any extent in medicine though recently it has been suggested as a hypodermic in cases of tetanus. The salicylic acid salt is also used somewhat for skin diseases. Tobacco extracts and also powdered tobacco are used as insecticides, their value depending upon the amount of nicotine present. I... 

Very pale yellow hygroscopic oil with a characteristic odour (tobacco extract) with browns in air on exposure to light. Purifed by fractional distn under reduced pressure in an inert atmosphere. A freshly distd sample should be stored in dark sealed containers under N2. It is a strong base, at 0.05 M soln it has a pH of 10.2. Very soluble in organic solvents. It is soluble in H2O and readily forms salts. [UV Parvis J Chem Soc 97 1035 1910 Dobbie and Fox J Chem Soc 103 1194 7975.] The hydrochlorides (mono- and di-) form deliquescent crystals soluble in H2O and EtOH but insoluble in Et20. It has also been purified via the ZnCl2 double salt. [Ratz Monatsh Chem 26 1241 1905 Biosynthesis Nakan and Hitchinson J Org Chem 43 3922 1978.] The picrate has m 218° (from EtOH). POISONOUS. 

Figure 9 shows the curve for tobacco residues purified by TLC before analysis by the assay. It is clear that the interference seen previously was practically eliminated. However, such extensive sample preparation makes use of this assay in its present form cumbersome, at best. We are presently investigating an alternative form of immunoassay, the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) ( , 21) In this assay methoprene is conjugated directly to an enzyme and the anti-methoprene antibody is bound to the solid support. Free methoprene and methoprene-enzyme conjugate are in solution and compete for immobilized antibody binding sites. Unbound methoprene is washed from the assay prior to addition of substrate. Preliminary results under these conditions indicate that tobacco extracts of acetonitrile/water (9 1) do not require further purification steps prior to application to the EIA. 

Fig. 8-77. Analysis of inorganic and organic anions in a tobacco extract. — Separator column IonPac AS4A eluent 0.0017 mol/L NaHC03 + 0.0018 mol/L Na2C03 flow rate 2 mL/min detection suppressed conductivity injection 50 pL of a 1 25 diluted 1% extract sample components organic acids (1), chloride (2), nitrate (3), orthophosphate (4), and sulfate (5).

Fig. 8-78. Gradient elution of anions in a tobacco extract. - Separator column IonPac AS5A eluent (A) 0.001 mol/L NaOH, (B) 0.2 mol/L NaOH gradient 1% B isocratically for 9 min, then linearly to 20% B in 11 min, then linearly to 45% B in 10 min flow rate 1 mL/min detection suppressed conductivity injection (A) 50 pL standard with 0.5 ppm fluoride (1), 10 ppm acetate (2), 10 ppm formate (3), 1 ppm chloride (4), 5 ppm nitrate (5), 8 ppm malate (6), 10 ppm sulfate (7), 10 ppm oxalate (8), 10 ppm orthophosphate (9), and 8 ppm citrate (10), (B) 50 pL of an extract diluted 1 25.

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