Lithium thionyl chloride primary

Lithium-thionyl chloride primary batteries 9/9 9.4 Lithium-vanadium pentoxide primary battery 9/10... 

The lithium sulfur dioxide and the lithium thionyl chloride systems are specialty batteries. Both have liquid cathode reactants where the electrolyte solvent is the cathode-active material. Both use polymer-bonded carbon cathode constructions. The Li-S02 is a military battery, and the Li-SOCl2 system is used to power automatic meter readers and for down-hole oil well logging. The lithium primary battery market is estimated to be about 1.5 billion in 2007. 

The rate of this process in aprotic electrolytes is rather high the exchange current density is fractions to several mA/cm. As pointed out already, the first contact of metallic lithium with electrolyte results in practically the instantaneous formation of a passive film on its surface conventionally denoted as solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The SEI concept was formulated yet in 1979 and this film still forms the subject of intensive research. The SEI composition and structure depend on the composition of electrolyte, prehistory of the lithium electrode (presence of a passive film formed on it even before contact with electrode), time of contact between lithium and electrolyte. On the whole, SEI consists of the products of reduction of the components of electrolyte. In lithium thionyl chloride cells, the major part of SEI consists of lithium chloride. In cells with organic electrolyte, SEI represents a heterogeneous (mosaic) composition of polymer and salt components lithium carbonates and alkyl carbonates. It is essential that SEI features conductivity by lithium ions, that is, it is solid electrolyte. The SEI thickness is several to tens of nanometers and its composition is often nonuniform a relatively thin compact primary film consisting of mineral material is directly adjacent to the lithium surface and a thicker loose secondary film containing organic components is turned to electrolyte. It is the ohmic resistance of SEI that often determines polarization of the lithium electrode. 

Lithium Primary Cells, Liquid Cathodes, Fig. 7 Cutaway view of lithium/thionyl chloride spirally wound electrode D-cell battery [5]... 

When discussing cathodes for primary cells, it is important to make a distinction between solid materials, mentioned above, and those in which the cathode electrochemical component is not in the physical electrode structure, but rather exist in a liquid or gas state. Examples include zinc air cells, lithium thionyl chloride cells, and lithium sulfur dioxide cells. In each case, the physical cathode stmcture serves as a catalytic reaction... 

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, CA) has evaluated several types of lithium primary batteries to determine their ability to operate planetary probes at temperatures of -80°C and below. Individual cells were evaluated by discharge tests and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Of the five types considered (Li/SOCl2, Li/S02, Li/Mn02, Li-BCX and Li-CFn), lithium-thionyl chloride and lithium-sulfur dioxide were found to provide the best performance at -SOT. Lowering the electrolyte salt to ca. 0.5 molar was found to improve performance with these systems at very low temperatures. In the case of D-size Li/ SOCI2 batteries, lowering the LiAlCl4 concentration from 1.5 to 0.5 molar led to a 60% increase in capacity on a baseline load of 118 ohms with periodic one-minute pulses at 5.1 ohms at -85 C. 

The lithium/sulfuryl chloride (Li/S02Cl2) battery is in addition to the lithium/thionyl chloride battery, the other oxychloride that has been used for primary lithium batteries. The Li/S02Cl2 battery has two potential advantages over the Li/SOCl2 battery ... 

Primary lithium batteries offer these advantages as well as good low-temperature characteristics. There are many kinds of primary lithium batteries, with various cathode active materials the main ones are lithium-manganese dioxide, lithium-carbon monofluoride, and lithium-thionyl chloride batteries [28]. 

The lithium-thionyl chloride battery, a primary battery, exhibits high discharge rate and energy density but does not achieve theoretical energy density. A variety of catalysts have been explored for this battery, but metal phthalocyanines are the most desirable ones [10, 11]. The mechanism of catalytic reduction of SOCI2 has been described in detail [12-14]. The following pathways have been proposed for catalytic redox reactions ... 

This section focuses on four of the most commercially important cells of both classes of Li primaries two of the most common sohd cathode types,lithium manganese dioxide (Li-Mn02) and lithium carbon monoflouride (Li-(CF) ), and two of the most common liquid cathode types, lithium thionyl chloride (Li-SOCh) and lithium sulfur dioxide (Li-S02). 

Primary batteries, silver—zinc and silver chloride-magnesium seawater batteries secondary batteries, nickel-cadmium, silver—zinc, silver-cadmium, lithium-sulphur dioxide, lithium-thionyl chloride. 

Primary lithium-thionyl chloride M. lost (also lithium-iron disulphide, lithium-copper oxide, lithium-sulphur dioxide, lithium-vanadium pentoxide, lithium-manganese dioxide, lithium-lead bismuthate, lithium-silver chromate)... 

SAFT Corporation of America, 50 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 10020, New York also, 107 Beaver Court, Lockeysville, Maryland Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide, carbon-zinc Leclanche, lithium types (lithium-lead bismuthate, lithium-silver chromate) secondary batteries, nickel-cadmium, iithium-copper oxyphosphate, lithium-thionyl chloride, zinc-air, thermal-cells, water-activated batteries. 

Primary batteries, magnesium types, lithium types secondary batteries, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, lithium-thionyl chloride, lithium—sulphur dioxide, nickel-zinc. 

Health nd Safety Factors. Thionyl chloride is a reactive acid chloride which can cause severe bums to the skin and eyes and acute respiratory tract injury upon vapor inhalation. The hydrolysis products, ie, hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide, are beheved to be the primary irritants. Depending on the extent of inhalation exposure, symptoms can range from coughing to pulmonary edema (182). The LC q (rat, inhalation) is 500 ppm (1 h), the DOT label is Corrosive, Poison, and the OSHA PEL is 1 ppm (183). The safety aspects of lithium batteries (qv) containing thionyl chloride have been reviewed (184,185). 

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