Lithium-sulphur

Fig. 4.31 Internal pressure of lithium-sulphur dioxide cells as a function of temperature. (By permission of Elsevier Sequoia D, Linden and B, McDonald, J, Power Sources, 1980,5, 35.)...

Fig. 4.33 Discharge curves for D-size lithium-sulphur dioxide cells at ambient temperature (a) 270 mA (b) 180 mA (c) 140 mA. (By permission of Elsevier Sequoia SA as Fig. 4.31.)...

The energy density of liquid cathode lithium cells can be further enhanced to over 500 Wh/kg (1000 Wh/dm3) by the use of halogen additives. BrCl, added to lithium-thionyl chloride cells, boosts the OCV to 3.9 V and prevents the formation of sulphur in the early stages of discharge. D-sized cells are manufactured, Addition of chlorine to lithium-sulphur yl chloride cells increases the energy density and improves the temperature-dependent electrical characteristics. 

JI 11] Jl X., Evers S., Black R., et al, Stabilizing lithium-sulphur cathodes using polysulphide reservoirs , Nature Commun, vol. 2, p. 325, 2011. 

PAN 14] Pang Q., KUNDU D., Cuisinier M., et al, Surface-enhanced redox chemistry of polysulphides on a metallic and polar host for lithium-sulphur batteries , Nature Communications, vol. 5, p. 4759, 2014. 

Xiulei Ji, Kyu Tae Lee, Nazar LF (2009) A highly ordered nanostructured carbtui-sulphur cathode for lithium—sulphur batteries. Nat Mater 8 500-506... 

X. Li, K.T. Lee, L.F. Nazar, A highly ordered nanostructured carbon-sulphur cathode for lithium-sulphur batteries . Nature Materials, 8, 500-506, 2009. 

Miscellaneous a-Thiocarbanions. l-Lithio-l-(phenylthio)cyclopropane, which can be prepared by lithium-sulphur exchange or by reductive lithiation of cyclo-propanone thioacetals, or by lithiation followed by cyclization of 1,3-bis-(phenylthio)propane, has been used in the generation of cyclobutanone, a tetrahydrochromanone, alkylidenecyclopropanes, ° and various ketones and alcohols. ... 

The high stereoselectivity exhibited by the 2-carbanions of 1,3-dithians in reactions with electrophiles evoked further investigations on the structure of the lithiated species. Proton and n.m.r. spectra of the 2-lithio- and 2-potassio-derivatives of 2-phenyl-1,3-dithian suggested that neither lithium-sulphur interactions nor the concomitant intimate ion-pairing, but rather an intrinsically preferred equatorial orientation of the lone pair in carbanions derived from... 

Su Y-S, Fu Y, Cochell T, Manthiram A (2013) A strategic approach to recharging lithium-sulphur batteries for long cycle life. Nat Commun. doi 10.1038/ncomms3985... 

Dominick, A., Hole, S., and Vladimir Moss, R.C. (1970) Battery employing lithium-sulphur electrodes with non-aqueous electrolyte. US Patent 3, 532, 543. 

Practical open-circuit voltages of the lithium-poly carbori-mono fluoride and lithium-sulphur dioxide systems are approximately 2.8 V and 2.9 V respectively at 20°C. The high voltage means that these batteries are not interchangeable with other electrochemical systems in existing equipment, unless a dummy cell is also included. 

Lithium-sulphur dioxide Mercuric oxide-zinc... 

The reactivity of lithium necessitates controlled-atmosphere assembly - in some cases the use of expensive materials in the cell construction to avoid corrosion, and in some cases (for example, lithium-sulphur dioxide) the provision of a sophisticated seal design. 

Three principal types of lithium organic electrolyte battery are currently available the lithium-thionyl chloride system, the lithium-vanadium pentoxide system and the lithium-sulphur dioxide system. These batteries all have high-rate capabilities. The approximate open-circuit equilibrium cell voltages for these various cathode systems and for some other systems that have been considered are shown in Table 9.2. 

Figure 9.2 Comparison of energy density of lithium-sulphur and other types of cell (Courtesyof Honeywell)...

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