Lithium-manganese dioxide

Fig. 23. Cutaway view of (a) 2016-size Eveieady lithium manganese dioxide coin cell, and (b) jelly toll cylindrical lithium manganese dioxide cell (28).

Various lithium salts and butyrolactone or PC—DME mixtures are usually used as electrolytes. The close competitive performance of CF and MnO cathodes is evidenced in Table 3. The constmction of cells is also similar for the two systems. In addition to uses mentioned for the lithium manganese dioxide system, some unique apphcations such as lighted fishing bobbers have been developed for the Japanese market. 

Leclanche or dry cell Alkaline Cell Silver-Zinc Reuben Cell Zinc-Air Fuel Cell Lithium Iodine Lithium-Sulfur Dioxide Lithium-Thionyl Chloride Lithium-Manganese Dioxide Lithium-Carbon Monofluoride... 

Comparison of the Daniell element, the nickel/cadmium accumulator, and, the lithium/manganese dioxide primary cell, as examples, shows the influence of the electrode materials on different cell parameters (Table 1). 

Mn02 is used for the same purpose as the cathode active material in lithium-manganese dioxide (Li - Mn02) batteries it has been used for a long time in zinc-carbon and alkaline-manganese dioxide batteries, which are aqueous-electrolyte systems. 

Figure 29. Shapes and construction of lithium-manganese dioxide batteries.

Figure 30. The relationship of the seal type to the leak rate of helium for cylindrical lithium-manganese dioxide batteries.

Figure 31. The construction, shape and dimensions of the 2CR5 lithium-manganese dioxide battery for fully automatic cameras.

Figure 33 Load characteristics of the CR2032 lithium-manganese dioxide battery.

Figure 37. Practical test results of a 2CR5 lithium-manganese dioxide battery in a fully automatic camera at 23 °C.

Finally, Table 10 shows the specifications of secondary lithium-manganese dioxide batteries. Recently, the use of these batteries as sources for memory backup has expanded remarkably [47]. 

Secondary lithium-metal batteries which have a lithium-metal anode are attractive because their energy density is theoretically higher than that of lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-molybdenum disulfide batteries were the world s first secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries. However, the batteries were recalled in 1989 because of an overheating defect. Lithium-manganese dioxide batteries are the only secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries which are manufactured at present. Lithium-vanadium oxide batteries are being researched and developed. Furthermore, electrolytes, electrolyte additives and lithium surface treatments are being studied to improve safety and recharge-ability. 

Lithium-magnesium alloys, 15 135 Lithium manganate(V), 15 592 Lithium-manganese dioxide cells, 3 461 characteristics, 3 462t Lithium metaborate, 15 137 Lithium metaborate octahydrate, 4 277 Lithium metal, 15 132 uses for, 15 134 Lithium metal films, 15 128 Lithium methoxide, 15 148 Lithium nickelate, 15 142 Lithium niobate, 15 141 17 153... 

The lithium-manganese dioxide high voltage cell introduced by Sanyo in 1975 is now manufactured by numerous companies, using specially prepared high density Mn02. The OCV is in the range 3.0-3.5 V and typical... 

Fig, 4.18 Discharge curves of lithium-manganese dioxide button cells (Varta CR 2025) under various loads al ambient temperature (a) 2.7 kQ (b) 5.6 kti (c) 15 kQ, By courtesy of Varta.)... 

Fig. 4.22 Response to high current discharge pulse of a typical lithium-manganese dioxide watch battery (LM 2020), Current = 6 mA. (By courtesy of SAFT Gipelec.)...

Solid Cathode Cells. Solid cathode cells include lithium-manganese dioxide cells, lithium carbon inonofluoridc cells, lithium iron disulfide cells, and lithium—iodine cells. 

The 1.5 V lithium iron sulfide system competes directly with the alkaline manganese system for high-performance electronic applications. It gives better high-rate performance than the alkaline manganese system. The other main commercial systems are the 3 V lithium carbon monofluoride (Li-CFx) system, and the lithium manganese dioxide (Li-Mn02) system. 

The lithium/manganese dioxide system is also very popular and along with Li/ CFt, was an early entry to market in the 1970s. The overall reaction is... 

Lithium batteries with a manganese dioxide cathode are also used when reduction in size and weight is important, such as for powering 35 mm flash cameras. The lithium-manganese dioxide cell and reaction may be written as ... 

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