Mineral materials

The estimated value of world cmde mineral production in 1992 was 1.6 trillion ia terms of 1992 dollars, a tenfold increase since 1950 in terms of constant dollars (4). This represents the value of mineral materials as mined or otherwise extracted from the earth, and does not reflect the value added through processing. The aimual world consumption of selected mineral commodities for 1992 is given in Table 4. 

Applications of Dielectrophoresis Over the past 20 years the use of DEP has grown rapidly to a point at which it is in use for biological, colloidal, and mineral materials studies and handfing. The effects of nonuniform elec tric fields are used for handling particulate matter far more often than is usually recognized. This includes the... 

Inorganic waste Waste material such as sand, salt, iron, calcium, and other mineral materials which are only slightly affected by the action of organisms. Inorganic wastes are chemical substances of mineral origin whereas organic wastes are chemical substances usually of animal or plant origin. 

Wachtershanser has also suggested that early metabolic processes first occurred on the surface of pyrite and other related mineral materials. The iron-sulfur chemistry that prevailed on these mineral surfaces may have influenced the evolution of the iron-sulfur proteins that control and catalyze many reactions in modern pathways (including the succinate dehydrogenase and aconitase reactions of the TCA cycle). 

Soils can consist of rock, rock particle.s, mineral materials derived from rock formations, and/or organic matter. 

The polymerization filling was effected by the ion-coordination mechanism [17-19]. The monomers were ethylene, propylene, allene, os-butylene, butadiene. The fillers were mineral materials such as ash, graphite, silica gel, glass fibers. The ultimate aim of filler conditioning prior to polymerization is to secure, on its surface, metal complex or organometallic catalysts by either physical or chemical methods [17-19],... 

O.l-l.O Fine Accumulation particles Coagulation from smaller particles, chemical conversion of gases to solids, some mineral material... 

It has been shown that inclusion of fine mbber particles in asphalt reduces the cracking of pavement in adverse weather conditions [60,61]. There are two methods for introducing ground waste mbber into asphalt, namely, wet and dry processes. Wet process is carried out at 170°C-220°C for 45-120 min. Rubber particles absorb components with similar value of solubility parameter (5) from the asphalt, causing them to swell. The interaction between mbber and asphalt is mainly of physical nature. In the dry process, mbber is used as a replacement for part of the aggregate and is added to the mineral material before the latter is mixed with the asphalt binder. Addition of mbber greatly improves the elasticity of the binder and generally lowers its brittle point. Incorporation of GRT... 

The geological term, uranium occurrence, implies a naturally occurring anomalous concentration of uranium. The term, uranium deposit, implies a mass of naturally occurring mineral material from which uranium could be exploited at present or in the future. An often-encountered term in uranium mineralogy is uranium ore mineral. It is a mineral having such physical and chemical properties and occurring in a deposit in such concentra-... 

Energised flow of energised mineral materials near Earth s surface... 

Geologic Considerations Element mobility begins with the rock, mineral, and processed mineral materials. Source rocks and host rocks can have a... 

The ash of peat forming plant species contains a predominant amount of silicon. This element is particularly abundant in the Sphagnum, where its content achieves 36% by ash weight. Iron and aluminum are the next abundant. The first is accumulated during the peat formation process. The accumulation of calcium and potash is more pronounced than sodium, and the sulfur content is also remarkable. A large amount of mechanically admixed mineral particles (40-80% by ash weight) is found in mosses. This is due to the deposition of fine dispersed mineral material from snowmelting waters and atmosphere dust deposition (Table 1). 

Gu, Y. 2003. Automated scanning electron microscope based mineral liberation analysis. An introduction to JKMRC/FEI mineral liberation analyzer. Journal of Minerals Materials Characterization Engineering, 2, 33-41. 

Intermediate members of the series that contain both Mg and Fe, may be identified as iron-rich cummingtonite, for example. Alternatively, a fibrous species whose composition and structure resembles grunerite occurs in South Africa. It is mined as asbestos and known commercially as amosite. Amosite is a varietal mineral name that has been used in the trade to describe mineral materials within the cummingtonite-grunerite series. The name is an acronym for asbestos mines of South Africa. Because it is not a proper mineral name, it may not be found in lists of minerals in standard miner-alogical texts. 

Asbestos has been known and used for millennia (Theophrastus, fourth century B.C.). The subject of much scholarly comment since Pliny s Natural History and Dioscorides De Materia Medica in the first century, asbestos was known through a large quantity of fact and fable by the late seventeenth century when the modem era of mineral materials began (Plot, 1686 Ciam-pini, 1701 Gimma, 1730 Ledermuller, 1775 and Schroeter, 1772). 

The term alumen plumosum has had a long association with asbestos. Alumen (= alum) is a general term for naturally occurring hydrous alkali aluminum sulfates. These are efflorescent mineral materials of fibrous, feathery appearance. Confusion with the more durable silicate composition asbestos was not settled until 1741, by Tourneforte following a visit to asbestos deposits in Asia Minor. 

Bruno, J., Casas, I., Cera, E., Swing, R. C., Finch, R. C. Werme, L. O. 1995. The assessment of the long-term evolution of the spent nuclear fuel matrix by kinetic, thermodynamic and spectroscopic studies of uranium minerals. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 353, 633-639. 

First introduced industrially in the 1930s, thermoplastic polymers are today produced and consumed in vast quantities and play a major role in many aspects of our everyday lives. It is estimated that over 16 million tons were consumed in Western Europe alone in 1991 [1]. Mineral fillers have, since the beginning, made an important contribution to the spectacular growth of thermoplastic polymers. The addition of mineral materials was initially seen mainly as a means of extending or reducing the compound cost but, as the relative cost of the polymers decreased, this became less important and attention was more and more focused on the property improvements that could be achieved. 

ACP reveals discoidal and spherical forms87, but it is questionable whether these two forms actually exist in living bone. It has been assumed to be more likely that they are produced by drying or aging of the sample materials. Amorphous mineral material occurs in matrix vesicles of newly synthesizing bone. This less dense amorphous mineral material appears to occupy the position of the vesicle membrane and it may be the precursor of bone material88. ... 

The influence of atmospheric air on the properties of mineral materials manufactured in thermal processes is generally known. An example of the nature of this phenomenon as regards hardness, is a series of Vickers hardness tests of a material made of sintered corundum modified with 0.6% MgO sintered at 1950-2050 K in various environments. The sintering process is accelerated in the presence of hydrogen and is slowest in air thus allowing a material with optimum parameters to be obtained at a significantly lower temperature. The results, specified in Table 6.2.4, show the gases used as... 

---