Theoretical energy

The theoretical energy requirement for an electrochemical process is given by... 

Tlie couple has a theoretical energy density of 172 W h/kg and complete cells are capable of deUvering 55-66 W-h/kg. Tlie cell reaction is... 

Table 1. Theoretical Energy Densities for Rechargeable Lithium Systems...

A similar system under development employs iron disulfide [12068-85-8] EeS2, as the positive electrode. Whereas this system offers a higher theoretical energy density than does Li—Al/EeS, the EeS2 cell is at a lower stage of development (64,65). 

The theoretical energy requirement for the burning of Portiand cement clinker can be calculated from the heat requirements and energy recovery from the various stages of the process. Knowledge of the specific heats of the various phases, and the heats of decomposition, transformation, and reaction then permits calculation of the net theoretical energy requirement of 1760 kj (420 kcal) for 1 kg of clinker from 1.55 kg of dry CaCO and kaolin (see Clays) (8). 

The theoretical energy efficiency of grinding operations is 0.06 to 1 percent, based on values of the surface energy of quartz [Martin, Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. (London), 4, 42 (1926) Gaudin, Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Pet. Eng., 73, 253 (1926)]. Uncertainty in these results is due to uncertainty in the theoretical surface energy. 

Fuel Cell Efficiency The theoretical energy conversion efficiency of a fuel cell ° is given by the ratio of the free energy (Gibbs function) of the cell reaction at the cell s operating temperature AG to the enthalpv of reaction at the standara state AH°, both quantities being based on a mole of fuel ... 

When the multiplicity of a complex is the same for ionic or ion-dipole bonds and for covalent bonds, the decision as to which extreme bond type is the more closely approached in any actual case must be made with the aid of less straightforward arguments. Sometimes theoretical energy diagrams can be constructed with sufficient accuracy to decide the question. A discussion of crystals based on the Born-Haber thermochemical cycle has been given by Rabinowitsch and Thilo3), and more accurate but less extensive studies have been made by Sherman and Mayer4). 

Theoretical energy curves for one-electron bonds between two atoms are calculated for bond orbitals formed by hybridization of 2s and 2p orbitals, 35 and 3 orbitals, and 35, 3p, and 3d orbitals, the same radial part being used for the orbitals in a set. It is found that for s-p hybridization the bond energy is closely proportional to S3, with 5 the magnitude of the angular part of the bond orbital in the bond direction. This relation is less satisfactorily approximated in the case of s-p-d hybridization. 

This cell has an open circuit voltage of 1.65 V and possesses good stability. It has a theoretical energy density of 110 W h kg ... 

Figure 8.30. Theoretical energy flux for radiation from the sun as a black body at 5,800 K. The spectrum reaching the surface of the earth is modified through absorption in the infrared region by H2O and CO2 and in the...

Table 3. Comparison of experimental data [31] with theoretical energies of Z states obtained by a CIPSI calculation at 25 a.u. corrected by the coulombic repulsion term (in a.u.).

The Hall-Heroult process is a prodigious consumer of electrical energy. The energy required to produce 1 ton of aluminum from ore is more than twice that required to produce 1 ton of copper and ten times that for 1 ton of steel. More than 75% of this energy is consumed in the reduction of alumina to aluminum metal. The reasons for this high energy consumption have been presented in Table 6.18. The theoretical energy requirement for... 

The lowest and most focused manufacturing level is the turret level, which represents the actual material transformation process itself. Energy assessment and management at this level involves knowledge of the interactions of the mechanical and chemical processes in order to establish theoretical energy consumption values of the process. 

The theoretical data [1] shows that Li and Ca possess very high energy density (13172 and 4560 Ah/kg respectively) but these metals are not suitable to be used as anodes because of their instability in aqueous electrolytes. The theoretical energy densities of Mg and A1 are also high (6846 Wh/kg and 8212 Wh/kg). It is shown that some alloys of Mg and A1 can be successfully used as anodes, especially in metal-air cells with neutral electrolytes. The theoretical energy density of Zn is much lower than that of Li and Ca, but the self-discharge of Zn can be effectively suppressed by the use of suitable inhibitors. That s why the zinc-air batteries with KOH electrolyte are the first metal-air system brought into service. 

Theoretical energy consumption for hydrogen production from different feedstocks. 

R. F. Kudritsky and D. G. Hummer, Quantitative Spectroscopy of Hot Stars , Ann. Rev. Astr. Astrophys., 28, 303, 1990 W. Schmutz, C. Leitherer and R. B. Gru-enwald, Theoretical Energy Distributions of Wolf-Rayet Stars , Pub. Astr. Soc. Pacific, 104, 1164, 1992 A.W. A. Pauldrach, T.L. Hoffmann and M. Lennon, Radiation-driven winds of hot luminous stars. XIII A description of NLTE line blocking and blanketing towards realistic models for expanding atmospheres , A ... 

Figure 7. Low lying nucleon (left plot) and delta (right plot) states with total spin and parity JT The left and right bars are the theoretical energies predicted from the GBE and OGE models as described in the text, respectively. The shaded boxes represent the experimental energies with their uncertainties (Eidelman et al, 2004). 

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