Zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide

FIGURE 3.15 Discharge characteristics of a 9-volt battery subjected to a 100 ms pulse (smoke detector pulse tests) (a) zinc-carbon battery (b) and (c) zinc/alkaline/ manganese dioxide battery. 

Similar analyses can be made for specific commercial and industrial applications. For example, the cost of the use of zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide primary batteries versus nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries in a typical portable electronic device applications are compared in Table 6.4. If the usage rate is low and the drain rate moderate, the primary battery is more cost-effective besides offering the convenience of not having to be periodically recharged. 

During this period, the zinc/alkaline manganese dioxide batery began to replace the zinc-carbon or Leclanche battery as the leading primary battery, capturing the major share of the US market. Environmental concerns led to the elimination of mercury in most batteries without any impairment of performance, but also led to the phasing out of those batteries. 

Increases in the energy density of primary hatteries has tapered off during the past decade as the existing battery systems have matured and the development of new higher energy batteries is limited by the lack of new and/or untried battery materials and chemistries. Nevertheless, advances have been made in other important performance characteristics, such as power density, shelf life and safety. Examples of these recent developments are the high power zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide batteries for portable consumer electronics, the improvement of the zinc/air battery and the introduction of new lithium batteries. 

Several of the typical primary battery systems, such as the zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide system, have been designed in a rechargeable configuration. These batteries are covered in Chap. 36. 

Miniature button-type batteries, using the same zinc/alkaline-manganese dioxide chemistry as cylindrical cells, compete with other miniature battery systems such as mercuric oxide, silver oxide, and zinc/air. Table 10.2 shows the major advantages and disadvantages of miniature alkaline-manganese dioxide batteries in comparison to other miniature batteries. 

PREMIUM ZINC/ALKALINE/MANGANESE DIOXIDE HIGH-... 

FIGURE 10.23 Performance characteristics of premium zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide primary batteries AA-size (a) Discharge characteristics at various current drains to specified end voltages, (b) Discharge characteristics at various resistance drains to specified end voltages. 

Li/FeS2 batteries are now manufactured in a cylindrical configuration. These batteries have better high-drain and low-temperature performance than the zinc/alkaline-manganese dioxide batteries. The performance of these two systems on constant-current discharge at various discharge rates, in the AA size, is compared in Fig. 14.76. 

Zinc/Manganese Dioxide Batteries. Several of the conventional primary battery systems have been manufactured as rechargeable batteries, but the only one currently being manufactured is the cylindrical cell using the zinc/alkaline-manganese dioxide chemistry. Its major advantage is a higher capacity than the conventional secondary batteries and a lower initial cost, but its cycle life and rate capability are limited. 

RECHARGEABLE ZINC/ALKALINE/ MANGANESE DIOXIDE BATTERIES... 

TABLE 36.1 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of Rechaigeable Zinc/ Alkaline-Manganese Dioxide Batteries... 

FIGURE 36.1 Performance of rechargeable zinc/alkaline-manganese dioxide battery on cycling at 20 C recharging after each discharge. (Courtesy of Battery Technologies, Inc.)... 

FIGURE 36.4 First-cycle discharge characteristics of rechargeable zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide AA-size batteries discharged continuously at different constant-current loads at 22°C. (Courtesy Battery... 

FIGURE 36.8 First cycle discharge characteristics of rechargeable zinc /alkaline / manganese dioxide C-size batteries discharged continuously at different constant resistance loads at 2(TC Curve 1 - 6.8 ft. 160 mA (approx.) curve 2 - 3.9 ft. 270 mA (approx.) curve 3 — 2.2 ft. 450 mA (approx.). Courtesy of Battery Technologies Inc.)... 

FIGURE 36.11 Comparison of 20°C performance of rechargeable zinc/alkaline /manganese dioxide D-size battery (curve 1) to output of four AA-cells connected in parallel (in D-size can) to 0.9 V end-voltage (curve 2). (Courtesy of Battery... 

FIGURE 36.13 Discharge of Rechargeable AA-size zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide batteries at different temperatures at a 3.9 ohm load. From Ref 16)... 

The characteristics of commercially available rechargeable zinc/alkaline-manganese dioxide batteries are listed in Table 36.2. 

Table 9.8 compares the energy density of Dura-cell lithium—manganese dioxide button and cylindrical cells with those of conventional mercury—zinc, silver-zinc and zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide and carbon-zinc cells. 

Chloride Belgium NV, Groenstraat 31, Moitsel 2510 Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide secondary batteries, nickel-cadmium, lead-acid. 

Varta SA, Rue Uyttenhove 49—51, B-1090 Brussels Pdmary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide, mercury-zinc carbon-zinc, Leclanchd, magnesium types, lithium types, silver oxide-zinc, zinc chloride Leclanche, zinc-air. 

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