Primary lithium batteries

The metallic salts of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid can be prepared by reaction of the acid with the corresponding hydroxide or carbonate or by reaction of sulfonyl fluoride with the corresponding hydroxide. The salts are hydroscopic but can be dehydrated at 100°C under vacuum. The sodium salt has a melting point of 248°C and decomposes at 425°C. The lithium salt of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid [33454-82-9] CF SO Li, commonly called lithium triflate, is used as a battery electrolyte in primary lithium batteries because solutions of it exhibit high electrical conductivity, and because of the compound s low toxicity and excellent chemical stabiUty. It melts at 423°C and decomposes at 430°C. It is quite soluble in polar organic solvents and water. Table 2 shows the electrical conductivities of lithium triflate in comparison with other lithium electrolytes which are much more toxic (24). 

Health nd Safety Factors. Thionyl chloride is a reactive acid chloride which can cause severe bums to the skin and eyes and acute respiratory tract injury upon vapor inhalation. The hydrolysis products, ie, hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide, are beheved to be the primary irritants. Depending on the extent of inhalation exposure, symptoms can range from coughing to pulmonary edema (182). The LC q (rat, inhalation) is 500 ppm (1 h), the DOT label is Corrosive, Poison, and the OSHA PEL is 1 ppm (183). The safety aspects of lithium batteries (qv) containing thionyl chloride have been reviewed (184,185). 

Primary lithium batteries offer these advantages as well as good low-temperature characteristics. There are many kinds of primary lithium batteries, with... 

J. A. Stiles, D. T. Fouchard, Proc. Symp. Primary and Secondary Ambient Temperature Lithium Batteries, The Electrochemical Society, 1988, Vol. PV-88, p. 422. 

An inspection of Tables 1 and 2 shows that appropriate solvents for lithium batteries mainly belong to classes 6 and 7 and include cyclic (EC, PC) and open-chain (DMC, MEC, DEC, MPC) esters and ethers (DIOX, DME, THF) as well as inorganic sulfur compounds (S02, SOCl2). These sulfur compounds are mainly used as liquid cathode materials, simultaneously serving as solvents (S02C12, SOCl2) or cosolvents (S02) in primary or secondary lithium batteries. Recent developments of solvents include... 

D. Aurbach, Y. Gofer, E. Goren in Primary and Secondary Lithium Batteries (Eds. K. M. Abraham, M. Salomon), The Electrochemical Society Proceeding Series, PV 91-3, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ,... 

The majority of electrochemical cells to have been constructed are based on PEO, PAN, or PVdF [101]. Recently, the Yuasa Corporation have commercialized solid polymer electrolyte batteries, primarily for use in devices such as smart cards, ID cards, etc. To date, the batteries which have been manufactured and marketed are primary lithium batteries based on a plasticized polymer electrolyte, but a similar secondary battery is expected [120]. 

Bath towels (terry), number produced from one bale of cotton, 8 133t Bathtub failure rate, 26 988 Batik printing, 9 219 Batteries, 3 407-434. See also Alkaline cells Carbon-zinc cells Lead-acid batteries Lithium cells Primary batteries Secondary batteries chromium application, 6 565 cobalt applications, 7 247... 

One effort, being run in collaboration with the Army Research Office, has demonstrated a prototype fuel cell designed to replace in many applications a popular military standard battery. The target application is the Army s BA-5590 primary (i.e., use-once-and-dispose) lithium battery. The Army purchases approximately 350,000 of these batteries every year at a cost of approximately 100 per battery, including almost 30 per battery for disposal. Fuel cells, on the... 

Many primary lithium batteries have been developed for use in the medical field starting with the... 

The requirement for chemical inertness further excluded a family of lithium salts that have been widely used in primary lithium batteries LiAlX4 (X = halides).Since the Lewis acidities of the AIX3 are so strong, their complexation with the moderate... 

All lithium based batteries use nonaqueous electrolytes because of the reactivity of lithium in aqueous solution and because of the electrolyte s stability at high voltage. The majority of these cells use microporous membranes made of polyolefins. In some cases, nonwovens made of polyolefins are either used alone or with microporous separators. This section will mainly focus on separators used in secondary lithium batteries followed by a brief summary of separators used in lithium primary batteries. 

In lithium-based cells, the essential function of battery separator is to prevent electronic contact, while enabling ionic transport between the positive and negative electrodes. It should be usable on highspeed winding machines and possess good shutdown properties. The most commonly used separators for primary lithium batteries are microporous polypropylene membranes. Microporous polyethylene and laminates of polypropylene and polyethylene are widely used in lithium-ion batteries. These materials are chemically and electrochemically stable in secondary lithium batteries. 

Table 8. Separators and Their Manufacturers for Major Primary Lithium Battery Systems...

It should also be noted that the demand for primary lithium batteries remains strong, particularly in military applications where there is high demand for lightweight and disposable power supplies for portable electronic devices. In fact, the US General Accounting Office (GAO) has indicated that primary lithium batteries were one of seven items for which supply shortages reduced operational capability and increased risk to [US] troops [3]. 

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