Lithium thionyl chloride

Lithium—Thionyl Chloride Cells. Lidiium—thionyi chloride cells have very high energy density. One of the main reasons is the nature of the ceU reaction. 

Leclanche or dry cell Alkaline Cell Silver-Zinc Reuben Cell Zinc-Air Fuel Cell Lithium Iodine Lithium-Sulfur Dioxide Lithium-Thionyl Chloride Lithium-Manganese Dioxide Lithium-Carbon Monofluoride... 

Table 9. Specifications of cylindrical lithium—thionyl chloride batteries...

An experimental investigation of explosion hazards in lithium-sulfinyl chloride cells on forced discharge showed cathode limited cells are safe, but anode limited cells may explode without warning signs [1]. Extended reversal at -40°C caused explosion on warming to ambient temperature, owing to thermal runaway caused by accelerated corrosion of lithium [2], The violent explosion of a large prismatic cell of a battery is described [3], Another study of explosion mechanisms in lithium/thionyl chloride batteries is reported [4]... 

Lithium tetrahydridothallate(III), 24 632 Lithium tetrahydroborate, physical properties of, 4 194t Lithium—thionyl chloride cells, 3 466 characteristics, 3 462t speciality for military and medical use, 3 430t... 

Fig. 4.35 Discharge curves of D-size lithium-thionyl chloride cells at ambient temperature (a) 3.0 A (b) 1.0 A (c) 0.1 A...

Lithium-thionyl chloride cells are also constructed as reserve batteries... 

The energy density of liquid cathode lithium cells can be further enhanced to over 500 Wh/kg (1000 Wh/dm3) by the use of halogen additives. BrCl, added to lithium-thionyl chloride cells, boosts the OCV to 3.9 V and prevents the formation of sulphur in the early stages of discharge. D-sized cells are manufactured, Addition of chlorine to lithium-sulphur yl chloride cells increases the energy density and improves the temperature-dependent electrical characteristics. 

Liquid Cathode Cells. Liquid cathode cells include lithium-sulfur dioxide cells and lithium-thionyl chloride cells. 

The lithium sulfur dioxide and the lithium thionyl chloride systems are specialty batteries. Both have liquid cathode reactants where the electrolyte solvent is the cathode-active material. Both use polymer-bonded carbon cathode constructions. The Li-S02 is a military battery, and the Li-SOCl2 system is used to power automatic meter readers and for down-hole oil well logging. The lithium primary battery market is estimated to be about 1.5 billion in 2007. 

Both the lithium sulfur dioxide (Li-SO and lithium thionyl chloride (Li-SOCy cells may be classified as liquid cathode systems. In these systems, S02 and SOCl2 function as solvents for the electrolyte, and as the active materials at the cathode to provide voltage and ampere capacity. As liquids, these solvents permeate the porous carbon cathode material. Lithium metal serves as the anode, and a polymer-bonded porous carbon is the cathode current collector in both systems. Both cells use a Teflon-bonded acetylene black cathode structure with metallic lithium as the anode. The Li-S02 is used in a spirally wound, jelly-roll construction to increase the surface area and improve... 

Carbon and graphite are often used as supports for electrocatalysts, but they also have an electrocatalytic function in electrode reactions such as oxygen reduction in alkaline electrolytes, chlorine alkali industry, and SOCI2 reduction in lithium-thionyl chloride batteries. 

Fig. 25. Lithium—sulfur dioxide and lithium —thionyl chloride high rate batteries profile with (a) power density vs energy density, and (b) specific power vs...

Lithium/Thionyl Chloride Lithium/SulfurDioxide Lithium/Sulfuryl Chloride... 

The rate of this process in aprotic electrolytes is rather high the exchange current density is fractions to several mA/cm. As pointed out already, the first contact of metallic lithium with electrolyte results in practically the instantaneous formation of a passive film on its surface conventionally denoted as solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The SEI concept was formulated yet in 1979 and this film still forms the subject of intensive research. The SEI composition and structure depend on the composition of electrolyte, prehistory of the lithium electrode (presence of a passive film formed on it even before contact with electrode), time of contact between lithium and electrolyte. On the whole, SEI consists of the products of reduction of the components of electrolyte. In lithium thionyl chloride cells, the major part of SEI consists of lithium chloride. In cells with organic electrolyte, SEI represents a heterogeneous (mosaic) composition of polymer and salt components lithium carbonates and alkyl carbonates. It is essential that SEI features conductivity by lithium ions, that is, it is solid electrolyte. The SEI thickness is several to tens of nanometers and its composition is often nonuniform a relatively thin compact primary film consisting of mineral material is directly adjacent to the lithium surface and a thicker loose secondary film containing organic components is turned to electrolyte. It is the ohmic resistance of SEI that often determines polarization of the lithium electrode. 

The oxidant is apart of liquid electrolyte in the cells of the lithium-thionyl chloride and lithium-sulfuryl chloride systems. In the first case, such oxidant electrolyte is the lithium tetrachloroaluminate (LiAlC ) solution in pure thionyl chloride or in thionyl chloride with a sulfur dioxide additive in the second case, it is the solution of the same salt in sulfuryl chloride. 

Cells with the "Lithium Thionyl Chloride" System... 

---