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Thermal cells

In this section, we discuss the kinetics of thermal cell death and sterilization. The rates of thermal death of most microorganisms and spores can be given by Equation 10.1, which is similar in form to the rate equation for the first-order chemical reaction, such as Equation 3.10. [Pg.155]

Figure 18-5 Common cuvets for visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Flow cells permit continuous flow of solution through the cell. In the thermal cell, liquid from a constant-temperature bath flows through the cell jacket to maintain a desired temperature. [Courtesy A. H. Thomas Co., Philadelphia, PA.]... [Pg.384]

The calcium-calcium chromate thermal cell has been established for many years. In the LiCl-KCl eutectic, the reaction product of this cell is a mixed lithium-calcium-chromium oxide. However,. this system cannot provide as high a specific capacity or energy density as the lithium-based systems described above. Furthermore, it suffers from parasitic chemical reactions which are exothermic and often uncontrolled. [Pg.304]

Ed activation energy for thermal cell destruction in Arrhenius equation, J/kmol... [Pg.217]

The simplest and most straightforward idea for producing collisionally polarized molecules in a thermal cell consists of using collisions with the participation of particles which are polarized in the laboratory frame. It seems that the earliest one was the method based on collisions of atoms which have been optically pumped (optically oriented in their ground state) by the Kastler method see Section 1.1, Fig. 1.1. If the gas constitutes a mixture of a molecular and an atomic component, the conditions being specially created in such a way as to produce such optical orientation of the atoms, we must expect, from considerations of spin conservation in molecular reactions, that polarization of the molecular component must also emerge. [Pg.222]

Theoretical capacity (of batteries) - capacity Thermal battery - reserve battery Thermal cell - thermocell... [Pg.669]

Group IV Metal Sulphides. The dissociation products of CS2 in a vitreous carbon thermal cell have been analysed223 mass, spectrometrically for temperatures up to 1900 K. CS and S were the only detected products, indicating that the dominant reaction is ... [Pg.443]

C cell number density, number of cells/m c specific heat of medium, J/kg K collector diameter, m dp particle diameter, m rfj pipe diameter, m D axial dispersion coefficient, m /s Dsr diffusivity due to the Brownian motion, m /s Erf activation energy for thermal cell destruction in Arrhenius equation, J/kmol... [Pg.181]

The implemented battery model is the basis for the identification of thermal cell parameters. With the battery model, TIS measurements are simulated. The same sinusoidal heat excitation as in the experiment is apphed to the thermal battery model. Simulation results dehver thermal impedances for each frequency, which form an entire impedance spectrum. The ability to simulate TIS measurements allows rapid creation of impedance spectra for arbitrary thermal cell parameters. [Pg.46]

Since not all excitation frequencies provide the same benefit for thermal parameter identification, certain frequencies can be eliminated without altering noticeably the thermal cell parameters identified. As the lowest test frequencies are the most time-consuming ones, they are the preferred candidates for elimination. [Pg.48]

TIS has already been presented in [3], [4] as a cost-effective and rehable method for the identification of thermal cell parameters. Moreover, we could show that there is a large potential of accelerating TIS measurements. [Pg.51]

Figure 5.4 Calculated temperature distributions of NaQ and Nai4+. The parameter given on the left hand side is the temperature of the thermalization cell, or Tbath of Eq. (3). For low Tbath one observes the distributions seen in Figure 5.3. These shift to higher values, and then remain nearly fixed when the cluster becomes so hot that it loses atoms by evaporation. The difference between n = 9 and 14 is that the former has a much higher binding energy, thus making it more resistant to evaporation. Note that there is insufficient intensity to measure optical data, once the clusters start evaporating. This happens at 447 K for /i = 9, and at 309 K for = 14... Figure 5.4 Calculated temperature distributions of NaQ and Nai4+. The parameter given on the left hand side is the temperature of the thermalization cell, or Tbath of Eq. (3). For low Tbath one observes the distributions seen in Figure 5.3. These shift to higher values, and then remain nearly fixed when the cluster becomes so hot that it loses atoms by evaporation. The difference between n = 9 and 14 is that the former has a much higher binding energy, thus making it more resistant to evaporation. Note that there is insufficient intensity to measure optical data, once the clusters start evaporating. This happens at 447 K for /i = 9, and at 309 K for = 14...
Differential aeration ceU, Crevice corrosion Intergranular corrosion Pitting corrosion Corrosion due to thermal cells... [Pg.275]

Further, AG can be expressed as the difference of the free enthalpy AH of the reaction (thermal cell voltage Eh equivalent to 1.48 V for the H2/O2 reactimi under standard state conditions) and the term TAS, (T absolute temperature) expressing entropy losses (or gains) AS in the reaction ... [Pg.102]

Fig. 5.4 Cell voltage E versus current i of a fuel cell, with Eyp = thermal cell voltage, Eq° = ideal cell voltage based on AG, r = sum of overvoltage at anode and cathode, REiectroiyte = electrolyte... Fig. 5.4 Cell voltage E versus current i of a fuel cell, with Eyp = thermal cell voltage, Eq° = ideal cell voltage based on AG, r = sum of overvoltage at anode and cathode, REiectroiyte = electrolyte...
The experimental technique followed was very simple in incorporation experiments the pre-thermalized cells were shifted into H20 or in Na2 S0 labelled artificial sea water. Then lots of 6 Valoniae each were extracted at predetermined time intervals. In the experiments with 2 some vacuolar fluid was extracted by a syringe from each cell and introduced into a vial containing the scintillator. [Pg.134]

Figure 18.30 The pile structure of a single lithium/aluminum/iron disulfide thermal cell. (From Ref. 3.)... Figure 18.30 The pile structure of a single lithium/aluminum/iron disulfide thermal cell. (From Ref. 3.)...

See other pages where Thermal cells is mentioned: [Pg.1317]    [Pg.229]    [Pg.78]    [Pg.43]    [Pg.456]    [Pg.275]    [Pg.197]    [Pg.79]    [Pg.250]    [Pg.12]    [Pg.1221]    [Pg.1222]    [Pg.453]    [Pg.121]    [Pg.2483]    [Pg.6]    [Pg.156]    [Pg.24]    [Pg.58]    [Pg.5]    [Pg.6]    [Pg.1514]    [Pg.240]    [Pg.101]    [Pg.120]   


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Cell voltage thermal cells

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Radiofrequency Thermal Damage of Cells

Small fuel cells thermal management

Solar cells thermal systems

Thermal annealing, polymer solar cell

Thermal cell death kinetics

Thermal cell voltage

Thermal conductivity cell

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Thermal effects, mixing-cell

Thermal treatments, cell

Thermal-Hydraulic Model of a Monolithic Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

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