Lithium sulfur dioxide

Fig. 25. Lithium—sulfur dioxide and lithium —tbionyl chloride high rate batteries profile with (a) power density vs energy density, and (b) specific power vs...

Leclanche or dry cell Alkaline Cell Silver-Zinc Reuben Cell Zinc-Air Fuel Cell Lithium Iodine Lithium-Sulfur Dioxide Lithium-Thionyl Chloride Lithium-Manganese Dioxide Lithium-Carbon Monofluoride... 

Lithium-silicates, 12 577 15 142 22 452 in adhesives and binders, 22 472 solutions of, 22 465 Lithium soap greases, 15 243 Lithium sulfate, 15 142 Lithium-sulfur dioxide cells, 3 464-466 characteristics, 3 462t speciality for military and medical use, 3 430t... 

Lithium—sulfur dioxide cells also use a liquid cathode construction. The SO2 is dissolved in an organic solvent such as PC or acetonitrile. Alternatively, SO2 is pressurized at several bars to use it in the liquid state. The cell reaction is similar to that depicted in Figure 18, with electronically insulating... 

Liquid Cathode Cells. Liquid cathode cells include lithium-sulfur dioxide cells and lithium-thionyl chloride cells. 

The lilhium-Uiiouyl chluridc, or die lithium-sulfur dioxide, system is often used in a reserve battery configuration in which the electrolyle is slored in a sealed compartment which upon activation may be forced by a piston or inertial forces into the interelectrode space. Most applications for such batteries arc in mines and fuse applications in military ordnance. 

The lithium sulfur dioxide and the lithium thionyl chloride systems are specialty batteries. Both have liquid cathode reactants where the electrolyte solvent is the cathode-active material. Both use polymer-bonded carbon cathode constructions. The Li-S02 is a military battery, and the Li-SOCl2 system is used to power automatic meter readers and for down-hole oil well logging. The lithium primary battery market is estimated to be about 1.5 billion in 2007. 

Both the lithium sulfur dioxide (Li-SO and lithium thionyl chloride (Li-SOCy cells may be classified as liquid cathode systems. In these systems, S02 and SOCl2 function as solvents for the electrolyte, and as the active materials at the cathode to provide voltage and ampere capacity. As liquids, these solvents permeate the porous carbon cathode material. Lithium metal serves as the anode, and a polymer-bonded porous carbon is the cathode current collector in both systems. Both cells use a Teflon-bonded acetylene black cathode structure with metallic lithium as the anode. The Li-S02 is used in a spirally wound, jelly-roll construction to increase the surface area and improve... 

Li/S02 Cells Lithium/sulfur dioxide cells (Li/SC>2) are perhaps one of the most advanced lithium battery systems. They belong to the soluble cathode cells category. Liquid SO2 is used as cathode a lithium foil is used as anode, and lithium bromide dissolved in acetonitrile is used as electrolyte. The active cathode material is held on an aluminum mesh with... 

One of the most common lithium primary battery chemistry is lithium sulfiir dioxide. It is lightweight and is used in a wide range of communications devices. The lithium sulfur dioxide battery provides power over a wide temperature range (-20 to +140° F) and has rather constant output until depleted. 

The basic chemical reactions for these lithium sulfur dioxide battery packs are shown below. (Samuel C. Levy while at the Sandia National Laboratories under a grant from the U. S. Department of Energy developed this analysis). 

The BA5590 consists of 10 lithium sulfur dioxide (Li/SOa) D cells wired in a cardboard container which also contains diodes, electrical and thermal fuses, a connector, and a resistor with a manual switch to fully discharge the battery prior to disposal. When flesh, each battery contains the following materials ... 

The cells of lithium-sulfur dioxide system are largely similar to thionyl chloride-lithium cells. Similar to thionyl chloride, liquefied SO2 can simultaneously play the role of an oxidant and a solvent. However, the vapor pressure over liquefied SO2 is much higher than the vapor pressure over thionyl chloride, and dielectric permeability of SO2 is, on the contrary, lower than that of thionyl chloride. It is for this reason that the solvent used is not pure SO2, but its mixture with acetonitrile or acetonitrile and propylene carbonate. The lithium salt used is commonly bromide and, in some variants, chloroaluminate, perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, orhexafluoroarsenate. 

The main current-producing reaction is described by Equation (11.11). The product of this reaction is lithium dithionite that is insoluble in the electrolyte. Therefore, a reasonable porous cathode structure is of great importance for provision of high capacity and power characteristics of sulfur dioxide-lithium cells. The cathodes in such cells are similar to cathodes of thionyl chloride-lithium cells. The cells of the "lithium-sulfur dioxide" system are also produced using the rammed and wound coil designs. Porous polypropylene is applied as a separator. 

Batteries for implantable medical devices are hermetically sealed. Hermetic seals have long been used for certain cell types, like lithium-sulfur dioxide and lithium-thionyl chloride, where long shelf life is important, or exposure to corrosive and toxic materials could result if the cell leaks. 

Linden D, McDonald B (1980) The lithium—sulfur dioxide primary battery — its characteristics, performance and applications. J Power Sources 5 35, Elsevier Sequoia, Lausanne... 

Ratnakumar BV, Smart MC, Kindler A, Frank H (2003) Potentiostatic depassivation of lithium-sulfur dioxide batteries on mars exploration rovers. J Power Sources 119 906... 

Experiments to develop this type of cell began in the 1960s and led to the Lithium-sulfur dioxide... 

Lithium Primary Cells, Liquid Cathodes, Fig. 1 Lithium/sulfur dioxide cell... 

Lithium primary batteries with liquid cathodes are a relatively mature technology. Incremental improvements in capacity and performance may occur through design modifications and the use of new materials such as improved carbons in the passive cathode. The U.S. Army is adopting Lithium/Manganese Dioxide replacements for some of the Lithium/Sulfur Dioxide Batteries listed in Table 1 in certain applications. These replacements provide higher capacity and energy at room temperature but not at lower temperature. See the chapter on Lithium Primary Cells Solid Cathodes in this work. 

Primary Batteries for Military Applications, Table 1 Lithium sulfur dioxide batteries in military applications ... 

---