Lithium sulfur

Fig. 25. Lithium—sulfur dioxide and lithium —tbionyl chloride high rate batteries profile with (a) power density vs energy density, and (b) specific power vs...

Leclanche or dry cell Alkaline Cell Silver-Zinc Reuben Cell Zinc-Air Fuel Cell Lithium Iodine Lithium-Sulfur Dioxide Lithium-Thionyl Chloride Lithium-Manganese Dioxide Lithium-Carbon Monofluoride... 

Kolosnitsyn VS, Karaseva EV (2008) Lithium-Sulfur batteries Problems and solutions. Russ J Electrochem 44 506-509... 

Marmorstein D, Yu TH, Striebel KA, McLamon FR, Hou J, Garins EJ (2000) Electrochemical performance of lithium-sulfur cells with three different polymer electrolytes. J Power Sources 89 219-226... 

See Aluminium, Copper also Aluminium, Starch and Fibreglass, Iron, all above Lithium Sulfur Potassium Sulfur... 

Lithium-silicates, 12 577 15 142 22 452 in adhesives and binders, 22 472 solutions of, 22 465 Lithium soap greases, 15 243 Lithium sulfate, 15 142 Lithium-sulfur dioxide cells, 3 464-466 characteristics, 3 462t speciality for military and medical use, 3 430t... 

Lithium—sulfur dioxide cells also use a liquid cathode construction. The SO2 is dissolved in an organic solvent such as PC or acetonitrile. Alternatively, SO2 is pressurized at several bars to use it in the liquid state. The cell reaction is similar to that depicted in Figure 18, with electronically insulating... 

Another approach is to use a lithium/sulfur cell with nonaqueous electrolyte systems. Rechargeable lithium batteries are being developed for portable power applications such as electric vehicles, partly because of their specific energy ranges 100-150 Wh kg (and... 

Liquid Cathode Cells. Liquid cathode cells include lithium-sulfur dioxide cells and lithium-thionyl chloride cells. 

The lilhium-Uiiouyl chluridc, or die lithium-sulfur dioxide, system is often used in a reserve battery configuration in which the electrolyle is slored in a sealed compartment which upon activation may be forced by a piston or inertial forces into the interelectrode space. Most applications for such batteries arc in mines and fuse applications in military ordnance. 

Reactions of lithium with various oxidizing agents have been examined for use in batteries. A particularly well-studied case is that of the lithium-sulfur battery. Determine the potential that is possible for a battery that operates on the reaction of Li(s) with S(s). 

See Lithium Sulfur Potassium Sulfur Rubidium Non-metals Sodium Non-metals Aluminium, Copper, above See Selenium Metals See also Aluminium, Starch, above See also Fibreglass, Iron, above... 

The lithium sulfur dioxide and the lithium thionyl chloride systems are specialty batteries. Both have liquid cathode reactants where the electrolyte solvent is the cathode-active material. Both use polymer-bonded carbon cathode constructions. The Li-S02 is a military battery, and the Li-SOCl2 system is used to power automatic meter readers and for down-hole oil well logging. The lithium primary battery market is estimated to be about 1.5 billion in 2007. 

Both the lithium sulfur dioxide (Li-SO and lithium thionyl chloride (Li-SOCy cells may be classified as liquid cathode systems. In these systems, S02 and SOCl2 function as solvents for the electrolyte, and as the active materials at the cathode to provide voltage and ampere capacity. As liquids, these solvents permeate the porous carbon cathode material. Lithium metal serves as the anode, and a polymer-bonded porous carbon is the cathode current collector in both systems. Both cells use a Teflon-bonded acetylene black cathode structure with metallic lithium as the anode. The Li-S02 is used in a spirally wound, jelly-roll construction to increase the surface area and improve... 

Complexes derived from 2-mercaptopyrimidine, 2-mercaptothiazoline, and 2-mercaptobenzimi-dazole have been described. " The latter is a dimer in which each lithium is chelated by an N— C—S unit of the organic dianion the two end lithium atoms of the dimer are each coordinated to two terminal HMPA molecules, whereas the two central lithium atoms are linked by two /.t-HMPA molecules (see Figure 87). The reasons for the difference between this structure and those displayed by the other complexes (which in the case of the 2-mercaptothiazoline complex contains direct S—Li bonding) have been examined with ab initio calculations. The option of generating a strong C=N bond in the 2-mercaptothiazoline complex rather than a weaker C=S bond apparently drives the lithium-sulfur interaction. 

In the first view (Fig. 2, left) a four membered ring is formed by the two lithium atoms and two metallated carbon atoms. The carbon atoms have two lithium contacts [224.3(5) pm and 238,3(5) pm]. The lithium atoms have two carbon contacts. An intramolecular lithium-nitrogen and an intramolecular lithium-sulfur contact with a small Li-C(I)-S angle of 69.2(2)° complete the coordination sphere of lithium. 

What makes the sodium-sulfur cell possible is a remarkable property of a compound called beta-alumina, which has the composition NaAlnOiy. Beta-alumina allows sodium ions to migrate through its structure very easily, but it blocks the passage of polysulfide ions. Therefore, it can function as a semipermeable medium like the membranes used in osmosis (see Section 11.5). Such an ion-conducting solid electrolyte is essential to prevent direct chemical reaction between sulfur and sodium. The lithium-sulfur battery operates on similar principles, and other solid electrolytes such as calcium fluoride, which permits ionic transport of fluoride ion, may find use in cells based on those elements. 

Li/S02 Cells Lithium/sulfur dioxide cells (Li/SC>2) are perhaps one of the most advanced lithium battery systems. They belong to the soluble cathode cells category. Liquid SO2 is used as cathode a lithium foil is used as anode, and lithium bromide dissolved in acetonitrile is used as electrolyte. The active cathode material is held on an aluminum mesh with... 

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