Lipid Research Clinic study

Synthetic compounds, capable of binding BA in the duodenum (BA sequestrants) are an effective mode of treatment of hypercholesterolemia (2). The recently completed Lipid Research Clinic Study on cholestyramine, provided clearcut evidence for the beneficial activity of a marked plasma cholesterol reduction in preventing myocardial infarction (23). 

Kark, J. D., Y. Friedlander, N. A. Kaufmann, and Y. Stein. Coffee, tea, and plasma cholesterol the Jerusalem lipid research clinic prevalence study. CA247 BrMedJ 1985 291(6497) 699-701. Aeschbacher, H. U., E. Ruch, H. 

Walden CE, Knopp RH, Johnson JL, Heiss G, Wahl PW, 183. Hoover JJ. Effect of estrogen/progestin potency on clinical chemistry measures. The Lipid Research Clinics Program 184. Prevalence Study. Am J Epidemiol 1986 123(3) 517—31. 

Wallace RB, Hunninghake DB, Chambless LE, Heiss G, Wahl P, Barrett-Connor E. A screening survey of dyslipo-proteinemias associated with prescription drug use. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation 1986 73(1 Pt 2) I70-9. 

Patient Population. The proband of the B family, T.B., was referred to the Lipid Research Clinic at The Johns Hopkins Hospital at the age of five years because of hypercholesterolemia of 900 mg/100 ml. She had multiple planar xanthomas that had first appeared at three years of age. The patient was free of symptoms of ischemic heart disease. The index lipoprotein pattern was type lib (57), with marked hypercholesterolemia, hyperbeta-lipoproteinemia, a mild hyperprebetalipoproteinemia and hypertriglyceridemia. None of the relatives of T.B. had xanthomas or corneal arcus one (J.S.) developed signs of premature coronary atherosclerosis at the age of 43 years. Increased total plasma and LDL cholesterol levels were transmitted over three generations on both maternal and paternal sides of the family (Fig. I). The parents of the proband, S.B. and K.B., had endogenous hypertriglyceridemia as well. Two normolipidemic members of this family (S.B., Jr. and E.B.), were also studied. 

Morris, D.L., Kritchevsky, S.B., and Davis, C.E. 1994. Serum carotenoids and coronary heart disease The lipid research clinics coronary primary prevention trial and follow-up study. JAMA 272, 1439-1441. 

Morris D, Kritchevsky SB, Davis CE. Serum carotenoids and coronary heart disease, The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial and Follow-up Study, JAMA I 994 272 1439-1441. 

The Lipid Research Clinics Population Studies Data Book, Vol. II. The Prevalence Study - Nutrient Intake" U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 1982, pp. 42-3. 

The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (L16, L17) is a landmark double-blind study in which cholestyramine, a bile acid se-questrant that is not absorbed from the gut, was used to lower plasma cholesterol. The investigators recruited 3806 men, with a Type II hyperlipoproteinemia phenotype and in good health, into the study. All were prescribed a cholesterol-lowering diet. Subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment group (who were prescribed 24 g cholestyramine daily) and a group with similar baseline characteristics who received an inactive placebo. A 19% lower incidence of coronary heart disease over a mean of 7.4 years in... 

A number of studies, including several large prospective studies, such as the Framingham Study (Anderson et al, 1987), the Multiple Risk Intervention Trial (Stamler et al, 1986) and the Lipid Research Clinics Program (Pekkanen et al., 1990), as well as the Seven Countries Study (Verschuren et al, 1995) showed a positive correlation between levels of plasma cholesterol and mortality from CHD. However, epidemiological associations cannot prove causality and elevated cholesterol levels could be either a cause, a correlate or a consequence of CHD. 

Piom Lipid Research Clinics Program Epidemiology Committee Plasma lipid distributions in selected North American population The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation 1979 60 427-39 and Lipid Metabolism Branch, Division of Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute The Lipid Research CHnics Population Studies Data Book. Vol. P. The Prevalence Study. NIH PubUcation No. 80-1527. Betbesda, MD National Institutes of Health, 1980. 

DeLong DM, DeLong ER, Wood PD, Lippel K, Rifkind BM. A comparison of methods for the estimation of plasma low- and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study JAMA 1986 256 2372-7. 

C.J., and Riekind, B.M. The Collaborative Lipid Research Clinics Family Study biological and cultural determinants of familial resemblance for plasma lipids, and lipoproteins. Genet. Epidemiol., 1985,... 

AECAPS/TexCAPS = Air ForceAexas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (Downs et ah, 1998) Helsinki = The Helsinki Heart Study (Frick et al., 1 987) LRC-CPPT = The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (insull et al., 1984) Oslo = The Oslo Study (Hjermann et ah, 1988) WOSCOPS = The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (Shepherd et al., 1995) ALLHAT = Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial approximately 13-15% of patients had a history of coronary heart disease (CHD) events are CHD events only WHI = Women s Health initiative RRR = relative risk reduction ARR = absolute risk reduction NNT = number needed to treat NA = not available CEE = conjugated equine estrogen MPA = medroxyprogesterone acetate CARDS = Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (presented at the 2004 American Diabetes Association meeting). 

Esrey KL, Joseph L, Grover SA. Relationship between dietary intake and coronary heart disease mortality lipid research clinics prevalence follow-up study. J. Clin Epidemiol. 1996 2 211-216. 

Rifkind BM. Plasma Lipid Distributions in selected North American populations The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation 1979 60 427-439. 

Plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in male and female subjects are presented in Tables 26-7 through 26-10. These reference intervals have been developed using the Lipid Research CHnics (LRC) population. Although reference intervals for apo A-I and B-lOO from the Framingham Heart Study using the approved World Health Organiza-tion/Internationai Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) calibrators have been published,distributions of these two proteins that better reflect the North American population have only recently... 

Measurement of modified proteins may be an alternative or supplement to measuring products of peroxidation. Direct measurement of OxLDL in plasma appears to be a promising avenue for risk assessment in clinical laboratories. This technique utilizes ELISA that lends itself to automation. Studies indicate that elevated levels of OxLDL correlate with CAD and add predictive value to assessment by conventional lipoprotein lipids (El, H7, HIO, S12). Still, basic and clinical research is needed to determine exactly what is being measured, where it originates, and whether or not it is a cause of arteriosclerosis or only secondarily associated with it. Applied research is needed to determine how best to measure and standardize the assays, and randomized clinical studies are needed to determine the exact diagnostic usefulness. 

Tree nuts were long perceived as an unhealthy food due to their high fat content and caloric value. However, recent epidemiologic and numerous clinical. studies have provided evidence that frequent nut consumption is associated with favorable plasma lipid profiles, reduced risk of coronary heart disease, certain types of cancer, stroke, atherosclerosis, type-2 diabetes, inflammation, and several other chronic diseases. Drawing on contributions from experts based in industry and academia. Tree Nuts Composition, Phytochemicals, and Health Effects discus.ses the results of state-of-the-art research on different aspects of tree nut compositions, phytochemicals, and their health effects. 

Numerous researchers have drawn attention to the beneficial properties that avocado could provide to human health. Some of these healthy benehts have been summarized in Figure 8.1. Wilson Grant, in 1960, published the hrst clinical study where avocado intake was associated with the maintenance of normal serum cholesterol levels, or even with their reduction [7]. Later on, in the 90s and beginning of 2000 there was an increase in the number of works that studied the relationship between avocado fat and its effect on cardiovascular diseases, cholesterol, lipid profile, weight control, and diabetes [8-16]. While the principal healthy benehts attributed to avocado fruit are the aforementioned, some others have also been evaluated, such as prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis [17,18], anticancer properties [19-24], protective activity against liver injury [25], skin protection [26-28], reduction of risk of macular degeneration [29], inhuence on short-term memory [30], antioxidant activity [31-37], reduction of metabolic syndrome risk [38,39], and anti-inhammatory effects [31,32,40]. 

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