American Diabetes Association

The authors thank Ms. Sarah Shema for proof reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by grants to A.S. from the National Institutes of Health, NEDDK (NIH DK066336-01) and a Career Development Award from the American Diabetes Association. 

From American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004 27 596-601, with permission. 

TABLE 40-3. American Diabetes Association Screening Recommendations for Diabetes Mellitus5... 

The American Diabetes Association does not recommend screening for type 1 diabetes due to the low incidence in the general population and to the acute presentation of symptoms. 

The American Diabetes Association recommends screening for type 2 diabetes every 3 years in all adults beginning at 45 years of age, particularly in those with a body mass index greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2. 

TABLE 40-7. American Diabetes Association Recommended Goals of Therapy... 

Source Adapted from M Sperling, in Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Related Disorders, American Diabetes Association, Alexandria, VA, 1 998 and AE Kitabchi et al Diabetes Care 24 131, 2001. 

American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Facts and Figures. Available at www.diabetes.org/diabetes-statistics.jsp accessed March 28,2006. 

American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006 29(suppl 1) S4-S42. 

ADA American Diabetes Association, adenosine deaminase AST Aspartate transaminase (SGOT) aspartate... 

American Diabetes Association. Ketoacidosis. Available online. URL http //www.diabetes.org/type-l-diabetes/ketoacidosis.jsp. Accessed on March 18, 2008. 

D. J. Rader, W. J. Sasiela, M. Davidson, H. E. Bays, M. Parris, E. Meagher, C. Price, and S. L. Schwartz, 69th Annual Meeting Scientific Session of the American Diabetes Association. (ADA), New Orleans, LA, June 5-9, Abstract 471-P. 

MCE, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists ACE, American College of Endocrinology ADA, American Diabetes Association DCCT, Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. 

The American Diabetes Association and the National Kidney Foundation recommend a goal blood pressure of <130/80 mm Hg in patients with DM. 

For more information about the prevalence of diabetes, see URLs by the International Diabetes Federation at www.idf.org the World Health Organization at www.who.int the Center for Disease Control at www.cdc. gov/diabetes and the American Diabetes Association at www.diabetes. org. 

Glycosylated hemoglobin. American Diabetes Association 1999 Clinical Practice Recommendations. ... 

Nesto RW, Bell D, Bonow RO, et al. Thiazolidinedione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure a consensus statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association. October 7, 2003. Circulation. Dec 9 2003 108(23) 2941-2948. 

Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, Heine RJ, Holman RR, Sherwin R. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy. A consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the study of diabetes. Diabetolog-ica 2006 49 1711-21. 

American Diabetes Association. Diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 2003 26 594-8. 

Traditionally the diagnosis of diabetes was based on symptoms due to hyperglycemia, but during the last decade the need to identity diabetes and other forms of glucose abnormalities in asymptomatic individuals has been emphasized. Criteria established by the WHO and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) for the diagnosis of diabetes have been widely adopted by endocrinologists (Table 1). 

American Diabetes Association. Clinical practice recommendations. Diabetes Care 2005 28 Suppl 1. 

Effects of IL-1 on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion Concentration and time dependence. The ability of IL-1 to modulate insulin secretion by isolated rat islets is illustrated. Short exposures of islets to high concentrations of lL-1 [2 nM as shown here, or 5 U/ml (5 pM) as used in other studies], or prolonged exposure to low concentrations of lL-1 (0.5 pM or 0.5 U/ml) result in a stimulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion. Incubation of islets for 18 hr with 2 nM (or 5 U/ml) IL-1 results in a potent and reversible inhibition of glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Islet destruction is observed when islets are treated for 4 to 6 days with 2 nM (or 5 U/ml) lL-1. Reproduced with permission from Diabetes (McDaniel et al, 1988), by the American Diabetes Association, Inc. 

The American Diabetes Association has published revised guidelines on insulin administration, including storage of insulin, use and reuse of needles, alternatives to syringes, injection techniques, and patient management... 

American Diabetes Association. Insulin administration. Diabetes Care 2001 24(ll) 1984-7. 

---