Metabolic syndrome, risk

Numerous researchers have drawn attention to the beneficial properties that avocado could provide to human health. Some of these healthy benehts have been summarized in Figure 8.1. Wilson Grant, in 1960, published the hrst clinical study where avocado intake was associated with the maintenance of normal serum cholesterol levels, or even with their reduction [7]. Later on, in the 90s and beginning of 2000 there was an increase in the number of works that studied the relationship between avocado fat and its effect on cardiovascular diseases, cholesterol, lipid profile, weight control, and diabetes [8-16]. While the principal healthy benehts attributed to avocado fruit are the aforementioned, some others have also been evaluated, such as prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis [17,18], anticancer properties [19-24], protective activity against liver injury [25], skin protection [26-28], reduction of risk of macular degeneration [29], inhuence on short-term memory [30], antioxidant activity [31-37], reduction of metabolic syndrome risk [38,39], and anti-inhammatory effects [31,32,40]. 

Fulgoni, V. L., Ill, Dreher, M., and Davenport, A. J. 2013. Avocado consumption is associated with better diet quality and nutrient intake, and lower metabolic syndrome risk in US adults Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2008. Vute J. 12 1. 

Patients with multiple risk factors, particularly those with diabetes, are at the greatest risk for IHD. Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of cardiovascular risk factors related to hypertension, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin... 

Control of existing risk factors and the presence of new risk factors for IHD should also be assessed regularly. Routine screening for the presence of metabolic syndrome will help in assessing the control of known major risk factors and identifying new risk factors. If new risk factors are identified and/or the presence of metabolic syndrome is detected, modify the pharmacotherapy regimen, as discussed previously, to control these risk factors and lower the risk of IHD and IHD-related adverse events. 

The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is made when three or more of the following risk factors are present 3,10... 

NCEP ATP III identified metabolic syndrome as an important target for further reducing CHD risk. Treatment of metabolic syndrome starts with increased physical activity, weight reduction (which also enhances LDL cholesterol lowering and... 

Determine the treatment goal for LDL cholesterol based on the patient s CHD risk and non-HDL cholesterol goal if patient meets criteria for metabolic syndrome. 

Insulin resistance has been associated with a number of other cardiovascular risks, including abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hypercoagulation, and hyperinsulinemia. The clustering of these risk factors has been termed metabolic syndrome. It is estimated that 50% of the United States population older than 60 years of age have metabolic syndrome. The most widely used criteria to define metabolic syndrome were established by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines (summarized in Table 40-2). 

Fifth, the increased risk of obesity and diabetes mellitus in Hispanics warrants careful consideration of SGA use in this population. Although there is variance in the data from studies assessing the incidence of metabolic syndrome in Hispanics being administered SGAs, one study pointed to a significantly higher incidence compared to non-Hispanics. Further research in this area is warranted. 

ATP III recognizes the metabolic syndrome as a secondary target of risk reduction after LDL-C has been addressed. This syndrome is characterized by abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia (elevated triglycerides, small LDL particles, low HDL cholesterol), increased blood pressure, insulin resistance (with or without glucose intolerance), and prothrom-botic and proinflammatory states. If the metabolic syndrome is present, the patient is considered to have a CHD risk equivalent. 

In short, the risks for HF are hypertension, atherosclerotic disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome, use of cardiotoxins and a positive family history of cardiomyopathy. 

Women with the polycystic ovary syndrome are at increased risk for the metabolic syndrome and associated health risks and metformin, which also reduces hyperinsulinemia, might be effective in treating obese, infertile women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. 

Educate the patient and family about the risks of developing metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and tardive dyskinesia. Document this discussion in the patient s chart. 

Rash risk in 5%-10% Rarely, life-threatening rash (including Stevens-Johnson syndrome) Risk minimized by low starting dose and slow titration Metabolism inhibited by valproate Metabolism induced by carbamazepine... 

Abdominal obesity is associated with a threatening combination of metabolic abnormalities that includes glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia (low HDL and elevated VLDL), and hypertension. This clustering of metabolic abnormalities has been referred to as syndrome X, the insulin resistance syndrome, or the metabolic syndrome. Individuals with this syndrome liave a significantly increased risk for developing diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disorders. For example, men with the syndrome are three to four times more likely to die of cardiovascular disease. 

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