Framingham study

Massive studies of the health problems associated with fats have included the Anti-Coronary Club study in New York City (2), the Framingham study (3) in Massachusetts, and the Chicago study (4). These studies were financed by the United States federal government and supported by the Surgeon General s office, which issued a statement recommending that the fat component of the diet be reduced from an estimated 40% of calories to 30% (5). 

W. B. Kaimel and T. R. Dauber, Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease The Framingham Study. Hypertension Mechanisms and Management, Framingham, Mass., 1973. 

Ordovas JM, Cupples LA, Corella D, Otvos JD, Osgood D, Martinez A, et al. Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein-TaqIB polymorphism with variations in lipoprotein subclasses and coronary heart disease risk the Framingham study. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 2000 20 1323-1329. 

In the United States, one of every four individuals has some form of cardiovascular disease these numbers are growing daily, particularly as the age distribution of our population becomes increasingly skewed toward the higher end. The Framingham study has documented that the rate of new first cardiovascular events rises dramatically with age, from 7/1,000 in men aged 35 4 to 35-44/... 

In many ways, the prevalence of these risk factors is just a prelude to what is to follow, as these epidemic risk factors lead inexorably to even higher levels of CAD. Figure 1.11 further illustrates how these risk factors add incrementally to the risk of CHD in the Framingham study [19]. 

Kannel WB, Thomas HE, Jr. Sudden coronary death the Framingham study. Ann N Y Acad S d.l982 382 3-21. 

Kannel, W.B., Cupples, L.A. and D Agostino, R.B. (1987) Sudden death risk in overt coronary heart disease The Framingham Study. American Heart Journal, 113, 799-804. 

Stokes J 3rd, Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Dagostino RB, Lup-ples LA. Blood pressure as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study - 30 years of follow-up. Hypertension 1989 13 Suppl I13-8. 

Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. (1991) Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke the Framingham Study. Stroke 11, 983-8. 

Gordon T, Kannel WB, Hjortland MC, McNamara PM. Menopause and coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1978 89(2) 157-61. 

Ordovas JM, Corella D, Cupples LA et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate the effects of the APOA1 G-A polymorphism on HDL-cholesterol concentrations in a sex-specific manner The Framingham Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002, 75 38 16. 

Ho KKL, Pinsky JL, Kannel WB, Levy D. 1993. The epidemiology of heart failure The Framingham Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 22 6A. 

DAgostino RB, Russel MW, Huse DM, et al. Primary and subsequent coronary risk appraisal new results from the Framingham study. Am Heart J 2000 139 272-281. 

Sytkowski, P.A., Kannel, W.B., D Agostino, R.B. 1990. Changes in risk factors and the decline in mortality from cardiovascular disease the Framingham study. New Engl. J. Med. 322, 1635-1641. 

A number of studies, including several large prospective studies, such as the Framingham Study (Anderson et al, 1987), the Multiple Risk Intervention Trial (Stamler et al, 1986) and the Lipid Research Clinics Program (Pekkanen et al., 1990), as well as the Seven Countries Study (Verschuren et al, 1995) showed a positive correlation between levels of plasma cholesterol and mortality from CHD. However, epidemiological associations cannot prove causality and elevated cholesterol levels could be either a cause, a correlate or a consequence of CHD. 

Ravnskov (1998) presented data for 28 cohorts from 21 prospective studies. In only three of these cohorts did the evidence show that saturated fat was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of CHD. CHD patients in three cohort studies had consumed significantly more polyunsaturated fat, and in only one cohort had CHD patients eaten less polyunsaturated fat than CHD-free participants. The cohorts included the Framingham Study and the large well-conducted Health Professionals Follow-up Study and the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Since then, Hu et al. (1997) presented the 14-year follow-up data from the Nurses Health Study. After adjustment for confounding variables in multivariate analyses, no statistically significant associations were found between intake of total fat, animal fat, or saturated fat and the risk of CHD. 

The incidence of new cases of first-ever TIA or stroke can only be reliably assessed in prospective population-based studies (Sudlow and Warlow 1996 Feigin et al. 2003 Rothwell et al. 2004) since hospital-based studies are subject to referral bias (Table 1.4). One of the most comprehensive population-based studies of stroke and TIA incidence is the Oxford Vascular Study, OXVASC, which has near-complete case ascertainment of all patients, irrespective of age, in a population of 91 000 defined by registration with nine general practices in Oxfordshire, UK (Coull et al 2004). This is in contrast to previous studies, such as the MONICA project and the Framingham study, which had an age cut-off at 65 or 75 years or relied on voluntary participation. 

Increased fihrinogen, von Willehrand factor and tissue plasminogen activator levels in insulin resistant South Asian patients with ischaemic stroke. Atherosclerosis 163 371-376 Kaplan GA, Keil JE (1993). Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease a review of the hterature. Circulation 88 1973-1998 Kelly-Hayes M, Wolf PA, Kase GS et al. (1995). Tempotal patterns of stroke onset. The Framingham Study. Stroke 26 1343-1347 Kleindorfer D, Panagos P, Pancioh A et al. (2005). Incidence and short-term prognosis of transient ischemic attack in a population-hased study. Stroke 36 720-723 Kodama K (1993). Stroke trends in Japan. 

Race and sex differences in the distribution of cerebral atherosclerosis. Stroke 27 1974-1980 Wolf PA, D Agostino RB, O Neal MA et al. (1992). Secular trends in stroke incidence and mortality the Framingham Study. Stroke 23 1551-1555... 

Feigin VL, Wiebers DO, Nikitin YP et al. (1998). Risk factors for ischemic stroke in a Russian community a population-based case-control study. Stroke 29 34-39 Fine-Edelstein JS, Wolf PA, O Leary et al. (1994). Precursors of extracranial carotid atherosclerosis in the Framingham Study. Neurology 44 1046-1050 Gabriel SR, Carmona L, Roque M et al. (2005). Hormone replacement therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database Systems Review 2 CD002229... 

In the Framingham study, a prospective investigation was done examining the relationship between level of physical activity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and IHD. 

Selhub J, Jacques PF Bostom AG, Wilson PW, and Rosenberg IH (2000) Relationship between plasma homocysteine and vitamin status in the Framingham study population. Impact of folic acid fortification. Public Health Review 28, 117-45. 

Keaney JF Jr, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Wilson PW, Lipinska I, Corey D, Massaro JM, Sudierland P, Vita JA, Benjamin EJ. Obesity and systemic oxidative stress clinical correlates of oxidative stress in the Framingham Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vase. Biol. 2003 23 434. 

Gordon T, Kannel WB, CasteUi WP, Dawber TR. Lipoproteins, cardiovascular disease, and death. The Framingham study. Arch Intern Med 1981 141 1128-31. 

The correlation between clinical presentation and electrocardiographic changes has shown (Framingham study) that 10-20% of the patients with... 

Kannel WB, Abbott RD. Incidence and prognosis of unrecognized myocardial infarction an update on the Framingham study. N Engl JMed 1984 311 1144. 

Kannel WB, Anderson K, McGee OL, Oegatano LS, Stampfer MJ. Nonspecific electrocardiographic abnormality as a predictor of coronary heart disease the Framingham study. Am Heart J 1987 113 370. 

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