Research applied

Life extension of existing critical industrial installations is a major challenge for today s applied research in this context structural integrity assessment and monitoring play an essential role. 

Asay, J.R. (1981). The Sandia National Laboratories Shock Thermodynamics Applied Research (STAR) Facility, Sandia National Laboratories Report SAND81-1901. 

Suits and Bueche conclude their case-histories with a superb analysis of the sources, tactics and uses of applied research, and make the comment The case histories just summarised show, first of all, the futility of trying to label various elements of the research and development process as basic , applied or development . Given almost any definition of these terms, one can find variations or exceptions among the examples. ... 

In addition to the wet and optical spectrometric methods, which are often used to analyse elements present in very small proportions, there are also other techniques which can only be mentioned here. One is the method of mass spectrometry, in which the proportions of separate isotopes can be measured this can be linked to an instrument called a field-ion microscope, in which as we have seen individual atoms can be observed on a very sharp hemispherical needle tip through the mechanical action of a very intense electric field. Atoms which have been ionised and detached can then be analysed for isotopic mass. This has become a powerful device for both curiosity-driven and applied research. 

Balzhiser, R. E., and Biyson, J. E. (1994). The Strategic Role of Electric Vehicles. Forum for Applied Research and Development (Spring) 31-34. 

A large number of radioactive nuclei have been used both in industry and in many areas of basic and applied research. A few of these are discussed below. 

Capacitors as integrating elements are used successfully in a series of important modern spectrographs, the Applied Research Laboratories Quantometers (9.8). 

The potential attractiveness of curved crystals was appreciated early,but their advantages were not realized until suitable techniques were developed in the 1930 s, when rapid progress was made.48"21 The principles involved were clearly appreciated and discussed by Du Mond and Kirkpatrick.18 Compton and Allison22 give an excellent summary of the early work. Recent progress in the preparation and use of cylindrical lenses (curved and ground crystals) at the Applied Research Laboratories23 is particularly important to analytical chemistry. 

The continuous tin-plate thickness gage utilizing Method I (6.2) has a counterpart in the Applied Research Laboratories Quantrol,16 which makes the same measurement by Method II (modified) on electrolytic tin plate at the Kaiser Steel Company, Fontana, California, and elsewhere. 

Applied Research Laboratories, Spectrographer s News Letter, X, No. 1 (1957). 

It is sometimes convenient to use a properly chosen scattered line in the background for comparison to avoid having to add an internal standard to the sample.37 The experience of the Applied Research Laboratories shows that the effects of variations or fluctuations in the equipment and of particle size in powdered samples can be eliminated satisfactorily in this way. In some cases, absorption and enhancement effects are also adequately compensated. We have already mentioned (7.8) that scattered reference line and the analytical line will be subject to considerably different absorption effects if the two lines differ appreciably in wavelength. Everything depends upon the selection of a satisfactory scattered reference line, and this is done empirically. 

An important step undertaken especially to promote x-ray emission spectrography is the use of curved crystals in commercial instruments by the Applied Research Laboratories (4.10). 

The reader will appreciate that Figure 9-1 does not illustrate the alternative method of collecting information (2.6, 2.7) in which the output of a Geiger counter is used to charge a capacitor. This method has been put to good use by the Applied Research Laboratories (9.8). 

The Aluminum Company of America alone carries out some millions of determinations annually on its Applied Research Laboratories Quantometers, which are automated spectrographs for the visible and ultraviolet regions. It is not surprising that any method as successful as x-ray emission spectrography should be influenced by the trend toward automation. This trend is logically following two directions, as follows. 

The Applied Research Laboratories Production X-ray Quan-tometer. A High-Speed Multichannel Spectrograph... 

Fig. 9-10. Top-view schematic diagram of the Applied Research Laboratories Production X-ray Quantometer (PXQ). (a) Dual unit 22 dispersive channels (max), 1 nondispersive standard channel, (b) Single unit 12 dispersive channels (max), 1 nondispersive standard channel. (Courtesy of Davidson, Gilkerson, and Kemp, Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, March 1958.)...

Applied Research Laboratories, x-ray spectrographs, 256-261 Argon, absorption by, in counter, 45 and methane, for filling counters, 45, 53, 219... 

Carbon, analysis, 217, 318, 319 Carbon brushes, examination by x-ray absorptiometry, 97 Cathode follower, 60 Cauchois arrangement, 119, 120, 123 Caustic circle, 119, 120 Cells for liquids, 191, 194 Cements, analysis in Applied Research Laboratories PXQ, 260, 261 Ceramics, analysis by x-ray emission spectrography, 222-224 Cerenkov radiation, 43 Cesium, determination by x-ray emission spectrography, 328 Characteristic-line generator of Eng-strom, 144... 

Industrial X-ray Quantometer, Applied Research Laboratories x-ray spectrograph, 256, 257... 

X-ray spectral analysis, schematic diagrams of instruments for, 124, 125 X-ray spectrograph, curved-crystal, of Adler and Axelrod, 206, 207 definition, 124, 125 desirable conditions for, 162 estimated losses in, 124, 126, 127 General Electric XRD-5 D/S, 249-252 Industrial X-ray Quantometer, of Applied Research Laboratories, 256, 257... 

Princeton Applied Research (belongs to Perkin Elmer Instruments)... 

Example positron, the antiparticle of an electron, applied research Investigations directed toward the solution of real-world problems. See also basic research. 

See also applied research. basic solution A solution with pH > 7. battery A collection of galvanic cells joined in series the voltage that the battery produces is the sum of the voltages of each cell. 

ARANZ - Applied Research Associates NZ Ltd St Elmo Courts, 47 Hereford Str. 

But chemical engineering is more than a group of basic industries or a pile of economic statistics. As an intellectual discipline, it is deeply involved in both basic and applied research. Chemical engineers bring a unique set of tools and methods to the study and solution of some of society s most pressing problems. 

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