Landfills commercial

LLDPE can be disposed of by landfill or incineration. In landfill, the material is completely inert, degrades very slowly, does not produce gas, and does not leach any pollutants into ground water. When incinerated in commercial or municipal faciHties, LLDPE produces a large amount of heat (the same as heating fuel) and should constitute less than 10% of the total trash. 

Glass is a material having properties that provide attributes for many commercial products. As some of these products reach the end of thek useful life and are discarded, there is often the opportunity to have the glass recycled into other useful products. In many respects, this alternative is preferred over the glass entering a municipal waste stream for landfill disposal. 

Wet-Throwaway Processes. By 1978, three wet-throwaway systems were in commercial operation lime scmbbing, limestone slurry scmbbing, and dual alkah (1). Time/limestone wet scmbbing (Fig. 11) remains the most common post-combustion control technique appHed to utiHty boilers (67). The waste product from the scmbbers can either be sent to a landfill or be upgraded by oxidation to become saleable gypsum. 

Transportation Costs Most waste trucddug is done by commercial and hazardous waste firms. Costs are quoted per load, based on cost for transport (charged per load mile) from point of generation to its destination at a landfill or TSD facility. A strategy wriich permits shipment of full truckloads minimizes the transportation cost per ton. 

The cast grids are made into battery anode and cathode plates by the application of a lead oxide paste of 70 percent lead oxide (PbO) and 30 percent metallic lead. Lead ingots are tumbled in a ball mill with airproducing lead oxide and fine lead dust (referred to as leady oxide ). Leady oxide particulates are entrained in the mill exhaust air, which is treated sequentially by a cyclone separator and fabric filter. The used fabric filter bags are shipped to a RCRA-permitled commercially operated ha2ardous waste landfill located in Colorado. The leady oxide production process does not produce wastewater. 

The BP Chemicals polymer cracking process is based at Grangemouth in Scotland and uses mixed plastics as the raw material. The reactor uses a fluidised bed which operates at 500 °C in the absence of air, and under these conditions the plastics crack thermally to yield hydrocarbons. These vaporize and are carried away from the bed with the fluidising gas. Solid impurities such as metals from PVC stabilisers accumulate in the bed or are carried away in the hot gas to be captured by a cyclone further along in the plant. PVC decomposes to HCl and this is neutralized on a solid lime absorbent to yield CaCl2 which is disposed of in landfill. The purified gas is cooled to condense most of the hydrocarbon which can be employed as commercially useful distillate feedstock. The light hydrocarbons which are less easy to condense are compressed, reheated and recycled as fluidising gas. 

Re-use, remanufacture and recycle. Focusing on re-use, remanufacture and recycling comes from a number of trends and drivers in society. Because of problems with waste disposal, many companies are trying to work towards a zero to landfill policy. As waste disposal costs rise, this trend will accelerate. At the same time, where raw materials are difficult or expensive to obtain, there is a real commercial incentive to recycle and reuse. Regulators also continue to push for the minimisation or elimination of the release of hazardous materials... 

Arsenically treated wood. Discarded arsenically treated wood or wood products that are hazardous only because they exhibit certain toxic characteristics (e.g., contain harmful concentrations of metal or pesticide constituents), are excluded from the definition of hazardous waste. Once such treated wood is used, it may be disposed of by the user (commercial or residential) without being subject to hazardous waste regulation. This exclusion is based on the fact that the use of such wood products on the land is similar to the common disposal method, which is landfilling. This exclusion applies only to end-users and not to manufacturers. 

This is the most common disposal method. Kraft mills may use on-site landfills or off-site commercial landfills.63... 

Settlements can be estimated, although the margin for error is large. Secure commercial hazardous waste landfills have the smallest displacement, <1.5%. Displacements at new larger solid waste landfills can be estimated at 15%, while older, unregulated facilities with mixed wastes have settlements of up to 50%. 

Chemical compatibility tests using U.S. EPA Method 909040 should always be performed for hazardous waste sites, but some municipal waste sites also contain hazardous, nondegradable materials. U.S. EPA conducted a 5-year study of the impact of municipal refuse on commercially available liner materials and found no evidence of deterioration within that period. However, in a current study of leachate quality in municipal landfills, the Agency has discovered some organic chemical constituents normally found in hazardous waste landfill facilities. Apparently, small quantities of household hazardous waste enter municipal sites or are disposed of as small quantity generator wastes. As a result of these findings, U.S. EPA developed a position on the need for chemical compatibility tests for thousands of municipal waste disposal sites. 

In the United States, electrical and electronic appliances, when old and considered to be wastes, are sent to sanitary landfill sites for dismantling, separation, resource recovery, and disposal. Commercial companies are getting formed for the waste handling, packaging, transportation, resource recovery, and disposition operations, aiming at profit-making.1-3 5-11... 

Tetronics A process for treating dusts from electrical arc furnaces for making steel and nonferrous metals. Volatile metals (zinc, lead, cadmium) are recovered, and residual slag is nontoxic and suitable for landfill. The dusts, mixed with coal dust and a flux, are fed to a furnace heated by a plasma gun. The metal oxides present are selectively reduced and the vapors of zinc, lead, and cadmium are condensed in a modified Imperial Smelting furnace. Developed by Tetronics Research Development Company, United Kingdom, and first commercialized for steel dusts at Florida Steel, Jackson, TN, in 1989. Seven plants were operating in several countries in 1992. 

Worldwide, there are numerous plasma system designs for treatment of all types of wastes. Economical considerations limit their commercial applications to the most profitable actions. Presently they commercially operate in Switzerland and Germany for low level nuclear waste vitrification, in France and the USA for asbestos waste vitrification, in the USA and Australia for hazardous waste treatment, in Japan and France for municipal fly ash vitrification. The most of installations is working in Japan because there 70% of municipal waste is incinerated and the ash can not be used as landfill. EU Regulations banning the disposal to landfill of toxic and hazardous wastes after year 2002 may cause wider use of plasma waste destruction technology in Europe. 

As an industrial and commercial product, PVA is valued for its solubility and biodegradability, which contributes to its very low environmental impact. Several microorganisms ubiquitous in artificial and natural environments — such as septic systems, landfills, compost and soil — have been identified and they are able to degrade PVA through enzymatic processes. 

In relation to the obvious environmental pollution potential of landfilling of MSW, few new landfills are now sited. Additionally, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in a report to Congress, projected that 40% and 82% of the current landfills in operation today will be closed by the year 1993 and 2013, respectively (11). Therefore, as the standard route of disposal shrinks, new avenues for disposal must be identified and quickly commercialized to meet the disposal demand. 

Listing as a hazardous waste Discarded commercial chemical product off-specification species, container residues, and spill residues there (1,3,5-TNB) Municipal solid Waste Landfills Appendix II 1,3-DNB TNB (sym)... 

Production, Import/Export, Use, Release, and Disposal. Hexachlorobutadiene is not produced for commercial purposes in the United States, however small amounts are imported from Germany. Hexachlorobutadiene is mainly produced as a by-product of chlorinated hydrocarbon synthesis and is a primary component of "hex-wastes" (EPA 1982b). Its uses as a pesticide and fumigant have been discontinued. Hexachlorobutadiene is disposed chiefly by incineration, and to a lesser extent by deep well injection and landfill operations (EPA 1982b). More recent production and release data would be helpful in estimating human exposure to hexachlorobutadiene. 

The Ecolotree buffer uses phytoremediation, or plant processes, for environmental remediation purposes. Ecolotree buffers can be used to reduce the migration of subsurface water and surface runoff, while also acting as an in situ remediation technique for both organic and heavy-metal contaminants, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) chlorinated solvents ammunition wastes and excess nutrients in soil or water. The technology is commercially available and has been used at landfill and waste treatment sites. 

Reclaim is commercially available and suitable for the recovery of VOCs, vinyl chloride, trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) compounds, and, in particular, petroleum hydrocarbons. The vendor states this technology has been used in a wide variety of industrial applications, such as the remediation of groundwater at service stations, dry cleaners, herbicide production facilities, and municipal and industrial landfills, among others. 

The Chemical Stabilization Technology (CHEM-STA ) is a proprietary contaminant immobilization mechanism for treating soils, sludges, and ashes contaminated with toxic heavy metals and hydrocarbons. The three-step process can be applied either in situ or ex situ to form stable and insoluble chemical compounds. Treated wastes are usually acceptable for landfill disposal. This technology is commercially available from Environmental Solutions, Inc. (ESI). According to the vendor, CHEM-STA has the following advantages ... 

Treated soils undergo a volumetric increase of approximately 120%. Thus, the total treated waste may not be able to be placed back into the original excavation. The cost for removal to a landfill or other area could be substantial. Organic contaminants, including volatiles and base/neutral extractables are not immobilized to any significant extent. The vendor is no longer in business, and it is not known if the technology is currently commercially available. 

The Therminator is an ex situ, commercially available medium-temperature portable thermal des-orption/destruction unit for soils and clays contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. According to the vendor, the Therminator offers an alternative to landfilling petroleum-contaminated soils. All information is from the vendor and has not been independently verified. 

The technology has been demonstrated in pilot-scale and full-scale applications to treat pharmaceutical effluent, oily wastewater, landfill leachate, tanneries effluent, contaminated ground-water, and food effluents. ZenoGem is patented and commercially available. 

---