Key points

Operators often take control actions on a process through the BPCS. Normal process control actions are generally not considered safety functions. 

When the operator is expected to take action in response to an alarm to prevent a process safety incident, the operator alarm and associated action is considered a safety function. These alarms are classified as safety-related and are designed and managed in a manner that supports the allocated risk reduction. 

In general, no more than one order-of-magnitude risk reduction should be taken, irrespective of the number of alarms or the protection layer allocation. This is due to potential operator/procedural commonmode failure. Additional guidance on evaluating operator error is provided in Annex B.5. 

When credit for a risk reduction equal to or greater than 10 for a single operator action is proposed, the following should be considered  

NOTE - Layer of protection analysis (LOPA) is often implemented as an order-of-magnitude assessment. Consequently, it is typical for the purpose of the LOPA calculation to assume a rounded off risk reduction factor of 10 for an operator action IPL implemented in the BPCS layer when it has met the other criteria discussed in this Annex and in Annex F. 

Ultimately this book is about is how to create positive change in organizations and individuals. Our challenge is to find leverage for 

Deming s approach to management is founded on two fundamental principles. Although based in science, these principles form the philosophical framewoik of his system  

Principle 1. People will do their best to do what they think is 

Principle 2. To improve performance you need to improve the system rather than focus on the individuals. 

Deming offered a system of 14 points for management, based on over 50 years of experience helping businesses improve quality, productivity, and economic success  

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Other possible choices are to use two pairs of frequencies which together have the same energies. The key point is that quantum interference between the two pathways can be used to control the branching ratio. This coherent-control approach is very general and can be used in virtually any branch of molecular dynamics, including scattering and photo-dissociation. 

HCCO [145,151] and HCCS [152], The key points of this approach will be described in Section IV.2. For a more detailed description, the reader is referred to the original references and the reviews [18,153,154]. 

This chapter is in no way meant to impart a thorough understanding of the theoretical principles on which computational techniques are based. There are many texts available on these subjects, a selection of which are listed in the bibliography. This book assumes that the reader is a chemist and has already taken introductory courses outlining these fundamental principles. This chapter presents the notation and terminology that will be used in the rest of the book. It will also serve as a reminder of a few key points of the theory upon which computation chemistry is based. 

Only electrons in bonds that are f3 to the positively charged carbon can stabilize a car bocation by hyperconjugation Moreover it doesn t matter whether H or another carbon IS at the far end of the (3 bond stabilization by hyperconjugation will still operate The key point is that electrons m bonds that are (3 to the positively charged carbon are more stabilizing than electrons m an a C—H bond Thus successive replacement of first one... 

Some presses are equipped with strain gauges at key points in the overall feed—compress—eject cycle. Thus, these measure compression and ejection forces. Tight specifications for punch lengths and weU-designed and prepared granulations have led to better control of variations in tablet weight. In fiiUy automated presses, weight variations are adjusted by computer. 

To reduce storage costs involved in such a cycHc consumption pattern, there has been substantial growth in the erection of large refrigerated anhydrous ammonia storage terminals at key points within large marketing areas. Terminal cost (84) is reported to add typically about 11.00/t. 

The use of hops in the form of hop extract has spread rapidly the yield of the extract is better, yet insufficient. The production of a satisfactory hop extract quahty, ie, no taste difference to beer hopped by using other "natural" hop products, has appeared to be a science or art in itself Use of the right solvent and distillation is the key point, and many unsuccessful attempts have been made. The latest and most successful method, using the so-called Hquid carbon dioxide extraction, meets the high quaUty demands almost perfecdy. Preisomerization of the resins makes it uimecessary to boil them with the wort they can be added directly to the finished beer to avoid poor yield (through boiling) and the loss of resins (during fermentation). 

Implement scheduled nondestructive testing at key points to monitor corrosion as part of a mechanical integrity program... 

Key points of contact at the client company are reassigned or leave the company. 

The EPA developed (4) a one-page summary of the key points of Title III. The following is this summary. 

The key point to remember is that your company s top management s day-to-day priorities are almost certainly different from yours. Their job is to guide the company as a whole, over the long term. In determining how best to do this, they must consider business operations in the context of a range of factors (economic, social, political) that influence corporate strategy. 

Everyone learned this in school, but many people overlook its value in real life. A solid outline helps keep proposals focused and can also be used as a checklist to assure that all key points are covered. In addition, a detailed outline can be useful as a tool for midpoint review with colleagues or superiors whose input would improve the finished product. 

Following Is an example of an executive summary developed to accompany the presentation shown as Figure 2.2. Executive summaries highiight the key points of a detailed presentation for easy access. The longer and more complex your presentation, the greater the value of an executive summary, which should be organized to parallel the structure of the longer document. 

Then consider these selling benefits in the context of your company s business priorities, match them against the goals management has established for PSM, and then try to distill the comments into a few key points that summarize the long-term value of your plan to the company as a whole. 

We will be asking these and other questions at key points during the pilot test, such as the completion of specific activities like PSM training. Your responses will be kept confidential and you will forward them directly to the Task Force. What s important is your honest assessment of whether the PSM system works, and your suggestions for making it better. 

The answer to the first question is that you cannot easily calculate the number of isomers. The data in Table 2.1 were determined by a mathematician who concluded that no simple expression can calculate the number of isomers. The best way to ensure that you have written all the isomers of a par ticular- molecular- formula is to work systematically, beginning with the unbranched chain and then shortening it while adding branches one by one. It is essential that you be able to recognize when two different-looking structural formulas are actually the sane molecule written in different ways. The key point is the connectivity of the car bon chain. For example, the following group of structural... 

The most significant treatment of excited states within the CNDO approach is that of Del Bene and Jaffe, who made three modifications to the original CNDO parameterization scheme. Two of the modifications were just minor tinkering with the integral evaluation, and need not concern us. The key point in their method was the treatment of the p parameters. Think of a pair of bonded carbon atoms in a large molecule. Some of the p-type basis functions on Ca will be aligned to those on Cb in a type interaction was reduced. They wrote... 

There are many molecular dynamics programs available for simulations, and the book by Allen and Tildesley [6] provides a very helpful introduction for anyone who wishes to perform simulations. The key points are ... 

Used to present the heat and material balance of a process. This may be in broad block form with specific key points delineated, or in more detailed form identifying essentially every flow, temperature and pressure for each basic piece of process equipment or processing step. This may and usually does include auxiliary services to the process, such as steam, water, air, fuel gas, refrigeration, circulating oil, etc. This type of sheet is not necessarily distributed to the same groups as would receive and need the piping flowsheet described next, because it may contain detailed confidential process data. 

The arrangement and dimensions indicated in Figure 3-62 or Figure 3-63 are satisfactory for single or multiple pump installations. (For more details, refer to Reference [17]). A few key points in sump-pump relationships for good non-vortexing operation are ... 

The effect of the partial condenser is indicated in Figure 8-13 and is otherwise represented by the relations for the rectifying and stripping sections as just given. The key point to note is that the product is a vapor that is in equilibrium with the reflux to the column top tray, and hence the partial condenser is actually serving as an external tray for the system and should be considered as the top tray when using the equations for total reflux conditions. This requires just a little care in step-wise ctdculation of the column performance. 

Although the following comments do not substitute for a complete analysis of each pipe system around a compressor, they serve to identify a few key points. 

Having decided on the appropriate way to proceed with the project, the owner needs to satisfy himself that adequate system and procedures have been put in place to give him the necessary control and confidence in the project. These will, of course, vary considerably from owner to owner and project to project, but certain key points are worth remembering. 

Clean hydraulic fluid is essential for proper operation and acceptable component life in all hydraulic systems. While every effort must be made to prevent contaminants from entering the system, contaminants that do find their way into the system must be removed. Filtration devices are installed at key points in fluid power systems to remove the contaminants that enter the system along with those that are generated during normal operations of the system. 

The key point to remember is that a very low amplitude energy source can cause massive amplitudes when its frequency coincides with the natural frequency of a machine or structure. Higher levels of input energy can cause catastrophic, near instantaneous failure of the machine or stmcture. 

Inquiries with respect to health and safety at the workplace should be directed to the local area office of the HSE or the local authority s Environmental Health Department. The name of the authority responsible for the health and safety in the organization should be displayed prominently within the premises on the poster Health and Safety Law, What You Should Know. This poster gives a brief guide to health and safety law and specific details on key points must be obtained from the relevant legislative documents. 

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