Bonding carbon atoms

Methane, CH4, for example, has a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms and the shape is a regular tetrahedron with a H—C—H bond angle of 109°28, exactly that calculated. Electrons in a lone pair , a pair of electrons not used in bonding, occupy a larger fraction of space adjacent to their parent atom since they are under the influence of one nucleus, unlike bonding pairs of electrons which are under the influence of two nuclei. Thus, whenever a lone pair is present some distortion of the essential shape occurs. 

Tin, having valence of +2 and +4, forms staimous (tin(II)) compounds and stannic (tin(IV)) compounds. Tin compounds include inorganic tin(II) and tin(IV) compounds complex stannites, MSnX., and staimates, M2SnX, and coordination complexes, organic tin salts where the tin is not bonded through carbon, and organotin compounds, which contain one-to-four carbon atoms bonded direcdy to tin. 

SH group, sulfides have two carbon atoms bonded... 

Elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, and chlorine are more electronegative than carbon, so a carbon atom bonded to one of these atoms has a partial positive charge ( -1-). Conversely, metals are less electronegative than... 

The most common, although not the only, cause of chirality in an organic molecule is the presence of a carbon atom bonded to four different groups—for example, the central carbon atom in lactic acid. Such carbons are now referred to as chirality centers, although other terms such as stereocenter asymmetric center, and stereogenic center have also been used formerly. Note that chirality is a property of the entire molecule, whereas a chirality center is the cause of chirality. 

To see whether a chirality center is present, look for a carbon atom bonded to four different groups. To see whether the molecule is chiral, look for the presence or absence of a symmetry plane. Not all molecules with chirality centers are chiral overall—meso compounds are an exception. 

Carbon atoms bonded to electron-withdrawing -OH groups are deshielded and absorb at a lower field in the 1,it NMR spectrum than do typical alkane carbons. Most alcohol carbon absorptions tall in the range 50 to 80 S, as the following data illustrate for cyclohexanol ... 

Organic chemistry deals with the compounds of carbon, of which there are literally millions. More than 90% of all known compounds contain carbon atoms. There is a simple explanation for this remarkable fact. Carbon atoms bond to one another to a far greater extent than do atoms of any other element. Carbon atoms may link together to form chains or rings. 

However, a few moments of reflection (or access to a molecular model kit) should convince you that these are in fact equivalent to structures written previously. In particular, the first one, like isomer I, has a five-carbon chain in which no carbon atom is attached to more than two other carbons. The second structure, like II, has a four-carbon chain with one carbon atom bonded to three other carbons. Structures I, II, and III represent the three possible isomers of CsH12 there are no others. 

Chemical reaction A process in which one or more substances, called reactants, are converted to product(s), 67. See also Reaction, nonmetals, 575q, 555-558 Chernobyl nuclear accident, 525-526 Chiral center Carbon atom bonded to four different groups, 600 Chiral drugs, 601 Chloride ores, 535-536 Chlorinated water, 556 Chlorine... 

The cyclopentadienide ion, C H , is a common organic anion that forms very stable complexes with metal cations. The anion is derived by removing a proton from cyclopentadiene, QH, with strong base. The molecule has a five-memhered ring of carbon atoms, with four carbon atoms attached to only one proton and one carbon atom bonded to two. Draw the Lewis... 

Graphite, the most important component of the lead of pencils, is a black, lustrous, electrically conducting solid that vaporizes at 1700°C. It consists of flat sheets of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms bonded covalently into hexagons like chicken wire (Fig. 5.22). There are also weak bonds between the sheets. In the commercially available forms of graphite, there are many impurity atoms trapped between the sheets these atoms weaken the already weak intersheet bonds and let... 

Carbon atoms bond to each other to form chains, a process known as catenation. Open chains ... 

Remember from Chapter 6 that energy is released when a bond forms. Consequently, atoms that form covalent bonds tend to use all their valence s and p orbitals to make as many bonds as possible. We might expect the S p -hybridized aluminum atom to form a fourth bond with its unused 3 p orbital. A fourth bond does not form in A1 (C2 115)3 because the carbon atoms bonded to aluminum have neither orbitals nor electrons available for additional bond formation. The potential to form a fourth bond makes triethylaluminum a very reactive molecule. 

Although the chemical formulas indicate that ribose is a pentose and fructose is a hexose, the ring portions of the structures are the same size. Proceeding clockwise around the rings from the oxygen atom, we see that the structures differ at the first two positions. In the first position, ribose has a carbon atom bonded to —H and —OH, while)S-fructose has a carbon bonded to —OH and — CH2 OH. In the second position the molecules have the same two bonds but in different orientations. The OH group points up in y6-fructose and down in ribose. The two molecules have the same structures at the other positions. 

As the name implies, an amino acid is a bifunctional molecule with a carboxylic acid group at one end and an amine group at the other. All proteins are polyamides made from condensation reactions of amino acids. Every amino acid in proteins has a central carbon atom bonded to one hydrogen atom and to a second group, symbolized in Figure 13-31 as R. 

Breaking one bond in an ethylenediamine complex leaves the en ligand dangling but tethered to the metal by the second nitrogen atom. (Each carbon atom bonds to two hydrogen atoms that are not shown.)... 

If the carbon atom bonded to chlorine is itself attached to further carbon atoms, the effect can be transmitted further ... 

The mechanism described in Scheme 2 was rejected on the grounds that the steric requirement for the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from -CHD-of species (IV) could not be met. Assuming an atomically flat surface, and sp3 hybridization of the carbon atom bonded to the surface, the plane of the Ce-ring in (IV) is in such a configuration that the hydrogen atom of -CHD- is directed away from the surface, and the deuterium atom toward the surface. Thus, unless the species is adsorbed near a step in the metal lattice, the loss of this hydrogen and the formation of a second carbon-metal bond would require a very considerable distortion of adsorbed species. 

When 3-(4-chlorofurazanyl-3-Ar(0)AT-azoxy)-4-nitrofurazan 218 reacts with weak bases and nucleophiles, selective attack on the carbon atom bonded to the nitro group occurs, but no products formed by substitution of the chlorine was observed (Equation 43) <2003CHE1357>. 

Carbon atoms bond to each other to a much greater extent than any other element. They form long chains, branched chains and rings which may also contain chains attached to them. Millions of such compounds are known which constitutes the study of organic chemistry. 

Organolead compounds comprise the broad class of structures that are characterized by at least one carbon atom bonded directly to a lead atom. 

Alcohols in which the -OH group is attached to a carbon atom bonded to one or no alkyl groups is called a primary alcohol. 

If three alkyl groups are attached to the carbon atom bonded to the -OH group, the alcohol is a tertiary alcohol. 

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