Extraction carbon dioxide

The use of hops in the form of hop extract has spread rapidly the yield of the extract is better, yet insufficient. The production of a satisfactory hop extract quahty, ie, no taste difference to beer hopped by using other "natural" hop products, has appeared to be a science or art in itself Use of the right solvent and distillation is the key point, and many unsuccessful attempts have been made. The latest and most successful method, using the so-called Hquid carbon dioxide extraction, meets the high quaUty demands almost perfecdy. Preisomerization of the resins makes it uimecessary to boil them with the wort they can be added directly to the finished beer to avoid poor yield (through boiling) and the loss of resins (during fermentation). 

Obviously the availability of a non-carbon fuel, usually hydrogen, would obviate the need for carbon dioxide extraction and disposal, and a plant with combustion of such a fuel becomes a simple solution (Cycle Cl, a hydrogen burning CBT plant, and Cycles C2 and C3, hydrogen burning CCGT plants). 

Obviously, u.se of a non-carbon fuel—usually containing hydrogen—obviates the need for any carbon dioxide extraction and disposal. These cycles are listed in Table 8.1C, and the associated Figs. 8.15-8.17. 

Mendes, R.L. et al.. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of compounds with pharmaceutical importance from microalgae, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 356, 328, 2003. 

Cl. Bleve, M., Ciurlia, L., and Rescio, L., Supercritical carbon dioxide extracts from red fruits a natural cosmeceutical application, Nutra. Cos., 4, 23, 2005. 

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of hydrocarbon contaminants (Schleussinger et al. 1996)... 

SFE is used mainly for nonpolar compounds [e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)]. Typically, small aliquots of soil (0.5-10 g) are used for extraction. The extraction solvent is a supercritical fluid, most commonly carbon dioxide, which has properties of both a liquid and gas. The supercritical fluid easily penetrates the small pores of soil and dissolves a variety of nonpolar compounds. Supercritical carbon dioxide extracts compounds from environmental samples at elevated temperature (100-200 °C) and pressure (5000-10 000 psi). High-quality carbon dioxide is required to minimize... 

Lackner, K.S., Ziock, H.-J., and Grimes, P., Carbon Dioxide Extraction from Air Is it an Option Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Coal Utilization Fuel Systems, Clearwater, FL, 1999. 

Gomez AM, Lopez CP and de la Ossa EM. 1996. Recovery of grape seed oil by liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction a comparison with conventional solvent extraction. Chem Eng J 61(3) 227—231. 

Goto M, Sato M and Hirose T. 1994. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of carotenoids from carrots, in Yano T, Matsuno R and Nakamura K, Eds. Developments in Food Engineering, Proc. Sixth International Congress on Engineering and Food, Blackie Academic Professional, London, 835—837. 

Manninen P, Pakarinen J and Kallio H 1997. Large-scale supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and supercritical carbon dioxide countercurrent extraction of cloudberry seed oil. J Agric Food Chem 45(7) 2533-2538. 

Oliveira R, Rodrigues MF and Bernardo-Gil MG. 2002. Characterization and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of walnut oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 79(3) 225-230. 

Ollanketo M, Hartonen K, Riekkola ML, Holm Y and Hiltunen R. 2001. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of lycopene in tomato skins. Eur Food Res Technol 212(5) 561-565. 

Ranalli A, Contento S, Lucera L, Pavone G, Di Giacomo G, Aloisio L, Di Gregorio C, Mucci A and Kourtikakis I. 2004. Characterization of carrot root oil arising from supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction. J Agric Food Chem 52(15) 4795-4801. 

Saldana MDA, Mohamed RS and Mazzafera P. 2000. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of methylx-anthines from mate tea leaves. Braz J Chem Eng 17 251-259. 

Sun M and Temelli F. 2006. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of carotenoids from carrot using canola oil as a continuous co-solvent. J Supercrit Fluids 37(3) 397-408. 

Supercritical extraction is an important methodology for extracting organics from soil. As the name implies, the solvent is kept in its liquid state but above its boiling point by keeping it under pressure. Figure 12.8 shows a simplified supercritical carbon dioxide extraction setup. It is possible and common to have pumps, in addition to the one shown, to add chemical modifiers to the solvent, to increase extraction efficiency, or to extract a specific organic component [6,9-12],... 

Figure 12.8. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction setup. If the siphon tank is not used, a pump would be needed to liquefy the C02.

There is one case in environmental work where the methyl and methylene absorptions are useful and used. This is in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) method for the determination of total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons (TRPHs) in a soil or other extract. Here, a supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of a hydrocarbon-contaminated soil is made (EPA Method 3560). The extracted hydrocarbons are dissolved in... 

Small stationary phase coated fiber exposed to sample, then transferred to inlet Inert gas bubbles through sample vaporized analytes collected on trap and desorbed into GC Supercritical carbon dioxide extracts analytes from liquid and solid samples... 

In a method for the determination of 4-nitrophenol in sewage sludge (Lee and Peart [3]) the sludge is subjected to supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and on-line acetylation. The extract is analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Down to O.lmg kg-1 of 4-nitrophenol could be detected in sludge. 

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction [98] has been applied with 85% recovery to the organophosphorus insecticides from sediments. Compounds studied include Parathron ethyl, Methiadathion and Tetrachlorovinphos. 

Water modified carbon dioxide extraction gave good recoveries of organics from soil. There was a direct correlation between the degree of swelling and extraction efficiency. 

Almost a billion metric tons of C02 are sequestered in 2025. Then, hydrogen is produced from coal, oil and gas fields, with the carbon dioxide extracted and sequestered cheaply at the source. Large-scale renewable sources and nuclear energy are producing hydrogen by electrolysis come 2030. 

Hopper M, King JW. 1991. Enhanced supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction of pesticides from foods using pelletized diatomaceous earth. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 74(4) 661-666. 

A new approach to the analysis of the carcinogenic TSNA in moist snuff tobacco is based on SFE with methanol-modified carbon dioxide. Extracted TSNA are trapped across a glass cartridge filled with Tenax GR, from which they are subsequently released by thermal desorption and analyzed by capillary GC-TEA LOD was <2 ng/g. The technique is fast, reproducible, highly selective and sensitive617. SFE with carbon dioxide was also used in the analysis of TSNA in smokeless tobacco. It revealed the presence of higher levels of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-l-(3-pyridyl)-l-butanone (300) than had been determined earlier by conventional methods618. 

M. Khasjeh, Y. Yamini, F. Sefidkon and N. Bahramifar, Comparison of essential oil composition of Carum copticum obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and hydrodistillation methods. Food Chem. 86 (2004) 587-591. 

N. Aghel, Y. Yamini, A. Hadjiakhoondi and S.M. Pourmortazavi, Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Mentha pulegium L essential oil. Talanta 62 (2004) 587-591. 

Yazdi, A. V. and Beekman, E. J. Mater. Res. 10 (1995) 530-537. Design of highly C02-soluble chelating agents for carbon dioxide extraction of heavy metals. 

Wang, H.-C., Chen, C.-R., and Chang, C. J. (2001a). Carbon dioxide extraction of ginseng root hair oil and ginsenosides. Food Ghem. 72, 505-509. 

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