Alkyl oxide

Imidazole, 4-acetyl-5-methyl-2-phenyl-synthesis, 5, 475 Imidazole, 1-acyl-reactions, 5, 452 rearrangement, 5, 379 Imidazole, 2-acyl-synthesis, 5, 392, 402, 408 Imidazole, 4-acyl-synthesis, 5, 468 Imidazole, C-acyl-UV spectra, 5, 356 Imidazole, N-acyl-hydrolysis rate constant, 5, 350 reactions, 5, 451-453 synthesis, 5, 54, 390-393 Imidazole, alkenyl-oxidation, 5, 437 polymerization, 5, 437 Imidazole, 1-alkoxycarbonyl-decarboxylation, 5, 453 Imidazole, 2-alkoxy-l-methyl-reactions, 5, 102 thermal rearrangement, 5, 443 Imidazole, 4-alkoxymethyl-synthesis, 5, 480 Imidazole, alkyl-oxidation, 5, 430 synthesis, 5, 484 UV spectra, 5, 355 Imidazole, 1-alkyl-alkylation, 5, 73 bromination, 5, 398, 399 HNMR, 5, 353 synthesis, 5, 383 thermal rearrangement, 5, 363 Imidazole, 2-alkyl-reactions, 5, 88 synthesis, 5, 469... 

Considerable interest arose during the 1970 s and 1980 s in the use of micro-organisms to produce useful fatty adds and related compounds from hydrocarbons derived from the petroleum industry. During this period, a large number of patents were granted in Europe, USA and Japan protecting processes leading to the production of alkanols, alkyl oxides, ketones, alkanoic adds, alkane dioic acids and surfactants from hydrocarbons. Many of these processes involved the use of bacteria and yeasts associated with hydrocarbon catabolism. 

The most common precursor to phenolic resins is phenol. More than 95% of phenol is produced via the cumene process developed by Hock and Lang (Fig. 7.1). Cumene is obtained from the reaction of propylene and benzene through acid-catalyzed alkylation. Oxidation of cumene in air gives rise to cumene hydroperoxide, which decomposes rapidly at elevated temperatures under acidic conditions to form phenol and acetone. A small amount of phenol is also derived from coal. 

The explanation for the dichotomy between aromatic nitration versus de-alkylative oxidation in equation (84) lies in the dynamics of ion-radical triad (which is predictably modulated by solvent polarity and added inert salt). For example, the nonpolar dichloromethane favors aromatic nitration via a radical-pair collapse of ArH+, NO, 239 i.e.,... 

Other liquid-ligand two-phase reactions mediated by polyethers include anion promoted C-alkylations, oxidations, and (borohydride) reductions. In such cases, the organic substrate and a catalytic amount of polyether in an organic phase are shaken with a saturated aqueous solution of the required anionic reagent. 

Main-group elements X such as monovalent F, divalent O, and trivalent N are expected to form families of transition-metal compounds MX (M—F fluorides, M=0 oxides, M=N nitrides) that are analogous to the corresponding p-block compounds. In this section we wish to compare the geometries and NBO descriptors of transition-metal halides, oxides, and nitrides briefly with the isovalent hydrocarbon species (that is, we compare fluorides with hydrides or alkyls, oxides with alkylidenes, and nitrides with alkylidynes). However, these substitutions also bring in other important electronic variations whose effects will now be considered. 

A solid surface is coated with a metal alkyl-oxide solution. 

Benzo[ ]perimidinone carbaldehyde and carboxylic acid derivatives have also been prepared by alkyl oxidation. Thus, treatment of the 2-methyl derivative 588 with selenium dioxide at reflux in dioxane gave the aldehyde 589, which then gave carboxylic acid 590 on reaction with sodium chlorite <2001JME2004>. 

Three main types of reaction are used to convert the phosphorinanes (P-GV = 3) into phosphorinanes (P-CN = 4) alkylation, oxidation and sulfuration. 

Complexity is added to the study of this system by the ready functionalization of the sulfur atom by alkylation, oxidation and imination. 5-Alkylation to produce a compound such as (9) <76T1873) affords a system in which either of two possible chair conformers possesses an axial t-butyl group, and this system therefore exists preferentially in a twist conformation (10). Where no such conflicts occur the sulfur substituent adopts the equatorial position in a chair form. Inversion of configuration at sulfur in cyclic sulfides has been investigated in the system (11) (12) and the corresponding ylides (13) (14) (77JA2337). 

Attention is directed to the discussion of other theories bearing on the mechanism of reactions in which metallic alkyl-oxides play a prominent part. 

Some molecules in this group (HONO, NC j 0, HONC ) have been extensively studied because the photofragments OH and NO can be probed by tunable lasers. These molecules are important minor constituents in the earth atmosphere and their photochemistry plays a major role in air pollution. Atmospheric pollutants N0X (NO, NO2, NO3) are formed from combustion of fuel and subsequent chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Photolysis of alkyl oxides produces NO and NO2 that can be probed by LIF the internal energy distribution provides an important clue to the mechanism of photodissociation. 

Alteration of amino acid residues can be obtained by heating at acid or alkaline pH. Main classes of reactions used to chemically modify the side-chain of amino acids are acylation, alkylation, oxidation and reduction (Figure 1). Some of them are described in this chapter. 

The lanthanide carbyls Cp2LnCH(SiMe3)2, where Ln = Ce, La react with acetone to give aldolates CpjLnOCN CFLCt OjMe. The structure of the cerium compound shows distinct differences in Ce-0 distances, namely Ce-O of 2.182 A of alkyl oxide and 2.506 A to the carbonyl oxygen [172],... 

A number of Re aryl oxides exist in some of the same structural classes described for the Re alkyl oxides. Examples are the paramagnetic d ReOAr4 (Ar = mesityl, o-tolyl, o-methoxyphenyl), the anionic [ReO(mes)4] and [Re02(mes)2]. Paramagnetic Re02(Ar)2 (Ar = mesityl, xylyl) do not have alkyl counterparts becanse of their avoided dimerization, bnt Mo and Os analognes are known. 

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