Fuels jet fuel

First of all, a technical clarification is necessary in the wider sense, motor fuels are chemical compounds, liquid or gas, which are burned in the presence of air to enable thermal engines to run gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels. The term heating fuel is reserved for the production of heat energy in boilers, furnaces, power plants, etc. 

The properties linked to storage and distribution do not directly affect the performance of engines and burners, but they are important in avoiding upstream incidents that could sometimes be very serious. We will examine in turn the problems specific to gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel and heavy fuel. 

Refineries produce more than 2,000 products, but most of these are very similar and differ in only a few specifications. The mam products, with respect to volume and income, are liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), gasolines, diesel fuels, jet fuels, home heating oils (No. 1 and No. 2), and heavy heating oils (No. 4, No. 5, No. 6, and bunker fuel oil). Some refineries also produce asphalts and petroleum coke. 

Petroleum is rarely used in the form produced at the well, but is converted in refineries into a wide range of products, such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and domestic and industrial fuel oils, together with petrochemical feedstocks such as ethylene, propylene, butene, butadiene, and isoprene. Petroleum is refined, that is, it is separated into useful products (Figure 1.1 Chapter 3). 

Automotive fuel Jet fuel, heating Diesel fuel, heating Heating... 

ASTEC/SPFs low-temperature thermal desorption technology is an ex situ process that treats soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons including gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, lubricating oils, and fuel oils by heating the soil to evaporate the contaminants. 

Steam injection and vacuum extraction (SIVE) is a patented, commercially available in situ technology. SIVE has been used to remove non-aqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs), diesel fuel, jet fuel, semivolatile and volatile organic compounds (SVOCs and VOCs), chlorinated solvents, acetone, and benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes (BTEX) from soil and ground-water. 

A high-density fuel is preferred because it normally has the greatest heating value per unit volume of fuel. Jet fuels derived from paraffinic crudes have a slightly lower density but higher calorific value per equivalent mass than those refined from naphthenic crudes. 

Petroleum is also versatile. It contains all the commercially important hydrocarbons, such as those that make up gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, motor oil, heating oil, tar, and even natural gas. Using fractional distillation (Section 12.1), oil refineries can convert one type of petroleum hydrocarbon to another, thereby tailoring their output to fit consumer demand. Furthermore, petroleum contains much less sulfur than does coal and so produces less sulfur dioxide when burned. So, despite its vast coal reserves, the United States has a royal thirst for petroleum, the king of fossil fuels, consuming about 20 million barrels each day. This is about 11 liters per U.S. citizen per day. 

A flow diagram for a proposed shale oil refinery is shown in Figure 5. An FCC unit is used as the primary cracking process. This refinery produces high-octane gasoline and diesel fuel. Jet fuel also could be produced by severely hydrogenating a kerosene cut (10) from the whole-oil hydrotreater or by using a hydrocracker in place of the FCC. The... 

Petroleum is extracted from underground reservoirs via oil wells. It is then moved by pipeline or ship to a refinery where it is transformed into finished products, including various grades of gasoline, diesel fuels, jet fuels, home heating oil, bunker fuels, lubricants, and chemical feedstocks. Most finished fuels are moved by product pipelines to distribution terminals. From the terminals, fuels are moved to gasoline stations, truck stops, airports, and so on, where most end users obtain their fuels. 

Ma, X. Sun, L. Yin, Z. Song, C. New Af oaches to Deep Desulfurization of Diesel Fuel, Jet Fuel, and Gasoline by Adsorption for Ultra-Clean Fuels and for Fuel Cell Aj ications. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel. Chem. Prepr. 2001,46,648. 

See also Diesel Fuel Jet Fuels Kerosene Otto Fuel II. 

Jet Fuel. Jet fuels are light petroleum distillates that are available in several forms suitable for use in various types of jet engines. The exact compositions of jet fuels are established by the U.S. Air Force, using specifications that yield maximum performance by the aircraft. The major jet fuels used by the military are JP-4, JP-5, JP-6, JP-7, and JP-8. Briefly, JP-4 is a wide-cut fuel developed for broad availability in times of need. JP-6 is a higher cut than JP-4 and is characterized by fewer impurities. JP-5 is specially blended kerosene, and JP-7 is a high flash point special kerosene used in advanced supersonic aircraft. JP-8 is a kerosene modeled on Jet A-l fuel (used in civilian aircraft). 

Kerosene/jet fuels C]],C]2 Diesel fuels, jet fuels, illuminating and stove oils, light fuel oils 8-9 9-11 4-8... 

It would be appropriate to say at this point that this chapter deals more with crude oil economy than with crude oil chemistry. However, the aim of this chapter is to show the importance of crude oil chemistry not only for crude oil chemists, but also for all of mankind. Almost everything around us is derived from crude oil. This includes plastic parts, car fuel, jet fuel, oils, and even asphalt on the road these are all made from petroleum. It is hard to imagine what modern life would look like without these items, which began their existence from the oil well. 

Additives are described in relation to the major types of petroleum fuels, that is, gasoline, diesel fuels, jet fuels, and distillate and residual fuel oils, for which they are intended. Additives are seldom used in kerosene. 

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