Inhalation effect

Bowen SE, Balster RL A direct comparison of inhalant effects on locomotor activity and schedule-controlled behavior in mice. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 6 235— 247, 1998... 

Himnan DJ Tolerance and reverse tolerance to toluene inhalation effects on open-field behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 21 625-631, 1984 Hinman DJ Biphasic dose-response relationship for effects of toluene inhalation on locomotor activity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 26 65-69, 1987 Hormes JT, Filley CM, Rosenberg NL Neurologic sequelae of chronic solvent vapor abuse. Neurology 36 698—702, 1986... 

For inhalation effect, the median incapacitating dosage is the ICtS0. The ICtS0 is the amount of inhaled vapor that is sufficient to disable 50% of exposed, unprotected personnel. The unit used to express ICtS0 is mg-min/m3. 

Boyev VM, Perepelkin SV, Solovykh DI. 1992. [Higher nervous activity and lipoperoxidation under acute inhalation effect of gas condensate containing hydrogen sulfide ] Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova 42(3) 583-590. (Russian)... 

Hydrogen sulfide burning, 23 772 Hydrogen sulfide inhalation, effects of, 23 637t... 

Pulmonary dynamics, the dimension and geometry of the respiratory tract and the structure of the lungs, together with the solubility and chemical reactivity of the inhalants greatly influence the magnitude of penetration, retention, and absorption of inhaled gases, vapors (Dahl, 1990), and aerosols (Raabe, 1982 Phalen, 1984). The quantity of an inhalant effectively retained in the pulmonary system constitutes the inhaled dose that causes pharmacotoxic responses. 

Oscar Bing, George Aghajanian and I then put our heads together and decided to design a more reliable test of LSD s inhalation effectiveness. We also wanted to ascertain whether different chemical forms of LSD were equally potent. A third objective was to compare the effects of two doses given two weeks apart. 

Administration of oral LSD in doses of 1.0 and 2.0 mcg/kg had dose-related effects on NF scores (Fig. 92). Variation in individual response to LSD exceeded variation observed with belladonnoids. On average, however, it is obvious that the larger dose produced scores close to the incapacitating level (ID50), while the 1.0 mcg/kg dose produced scores close to the MED50 level (six subjects at each dose). Later, aerosol administration revealed that inhalation effects were only about 30% as great as by the oral route. 

Fig. 98 Graphic method of estimating oral vs. inhalation effectiveness...

Medical reports of acute human exposures (concentration unspecified) include moderate and severe skin burns, moderate eye burns and mild inhalation effects. Although acrylic acid is acutely irritating at sites of initial contact, it causes little systemic toxicity. The low systemic toxicity of acrylic acid is likely a consequence of its rapid and extensive metabolism to C02. ... 

Kawano M Tjxicological studies on the phthalate esters. 1. Inhalation effects of dibutyl phthalate on rats. Japan J Hyg 35 684-692, 1980... 

Zinc is an essential nutrient and is not regarded as toxic. However, the metal fumes, its oxide fumes, and chloride fumes can produce adverse inhalation effects. (See Zinc Oxide and Zinc Chloride, Toxicity) Ingestion of soluble salts can cause nausea. 

Irngartinger, M., Camuglia, V., Damm, M., Goede, J., and Frijlink, H. W. (2004) Pulmonary delivery of therapeutic peptides via dry powder inhalation Effects of micronisation and manufacturing). 

Glaser U, Hochrainer D, Kloppel H, et al. 1985. Low level chromium(VI) inhalation effects on alveolar macrophages and immune functions in Wistar rats. Arch Toxicol 57 250-256. 

Stoner RD, Drew RT, Bernstein DM. 1981. Benzene-inhalation effects upon tetanus antitoxin responses and leukemogenesis in mice. In Mahlum DD, Gray RH, Felix WD, eds. Coal conversion and the environment. Oak Ridge, TN U.S. Department of Energy, Technical Information Center, 445-461. 

Smyth, H., Brace, G, Barbour, T., Gallion, J., Grove, J., and Hickey, A. J. (2006), Spray pattern analysis for metered dose inhalers Effect of actuator design, Pharm. Res., 23, 1591-1596. 

Hesterberg TW, Hart GA, Chevalier J, et al. 1998b. The importance of fiber biopersistence and lung dose in determining the chronic inhalation effects of X607, RCFl, and chrysotile asbestos in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 153 68-82. 

Chloroacetophenone (CN) is a white crystalline solid with an apple-blossom odor. It is also known as tear gas or Mace . CN acts directly on mucous membranes to produce intense ocular and respiratory irritation as well as burning and pain of the eye, nose, throat, and lungs. Effects can include blepharospasms (i.e., eye blinking), conjunctivitis, sneezing, coughing, secretions, nasal congestion, and a sense of suffocation. The onset of some symptoms is immediate and persists for up to 20 min after the individual leaves the contaminated atmosphere. The primary cause of death related to CN is a result of inhalation effects on the pulmonary system. 

High amounts of RP may cause irritation of the skin, bronchitis, stomach pains, vomiting, and diarrhea and may affect eyes, upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and mucous membranes if absorbed through skin, ingested, or inhaled. Effects may vary from mild irritation to severe destruction of tissue depending on the intensity and duration of exposure. Acute exposure may cause liver or kidney impairment if contaminated with WP. 

Reported inhalation effects are probably due to cobalt in exposures, a competitive inhibitor of molybdenum utilization. 

Occupational exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane frequently involves both inhalation of and dermal contact with the chemical. There are many case reports of effects in individuals after occupational exposure to high levels of 1,1,1 -trichloroethane, but inhalation appears to be the primary route of exposure in most such cases. Although dermal exposure may have contributed to the effects observed, these cases are discussed under Inhalation Exposure in Section 2.2.1. In a few cases, dermal exposure appeared to be more important, and these are discussed below. In all cases, except for superficial skin effects, any potential effect would likely be similar to inhalation effects at similar circulating blood levels. 

Holmstrom et al. (1989b) evaluated the long-term inhalation effects of formaldehyde exposure to immune function in female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 12.6 ppm formaldehyde for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 22 months. After 22 months of formaldehyde exposure, the rats were inoculated subcutaneously with Pneumovax (Merck Sharpe and Dohme) and antitetanus vaccine (National Bacteriological Laboratory). Animals were sacrificed at 21-25 days after vaccination. Blood samples were collected from each animal before vaccination and just prior to sacrifice. Tlie blood was analyzed for response to Pneumovax and tetanus vaccination using an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay technique. The results indicated... 

Cresthull P, Koon WS, McGrath FP, Oberst PW. Inhalation effects (incapacitation and mortality) for monkeys exposed to GA, GB, and GF vapors. CWLR 2179, 1957. 

Elsayed et al. (1992) performed subcutaneous injections of GEES that resulted in increased GST activity, increased lipid peroxides, and depleted, reduced GSH in lung tissue (Elsayed et al., 1992). Similar findings occurred in the in vitro mouse model, a neuroblastoma-rat glioma hybrid cell line, in that there was a reduction in GSH as a function of time after exposure (Moore and Ray, 1983). Within the last 5 years, there has been a greater emphasis on the inhalation effects of SM. 

Since ammonia is a respiratory tract irritant, persons who are h5 erreactive to other respiratory irritants, or who are asthmatic, would be expected to be more susceptible to ammonia inhalation effects. The results of an epidemiological study of a group of workers chronically exposed to airborne ammonia indicate that ammonia inhalation can exacerbate existing symptoms including cough, wheeze, nasal complaints, eye irritation, throat discomfort, and skin irritation (Ballal et al. 1998). 

Terbutaline is a p2-selective bronchodilator that contains a resorcinol ring and thus is not a substrate for COMT. It is effective when taken orally, subcutaneously, or by inhalation. Effects are observed rapidly after inhalation or parenteral administration after inhalation, its action may persist for 3-6 hours. With oral administration, the onset of effect may be delayed for 1—2 hours. Terbutaline (brethine, others) is used for the long-term treatment of obstructive airway diseases and acute bronchospasm a parenteral formulation is used for the emergency treatment of status asthmaticus (see Chapter 27). 

Soni M, Nomiyama H, Nomiyama K. 1990. Chronic inhalation effects of tetrachloroethylene on hepatic and renal microsomal electron transport components and 6-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in rats. Toxicology Letters 54 207-213. 

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