Gases inhalation

The oral cavity is also the site of a rich co-mmensual bacterial flora that elaborates ammonia, which up to a limit neutralizes acid-forming gases inhaled through the mouth. 

In other applications of CT, orally administered barium sulfate or a water-soluble iodinated CM is used to opacify the GI tract. Xenon, atomic number 54, exhibits similar x-ray absorption properties to those of iodine. It rapidly diffuses across the blood brain barrier after inhalation to saturate different tissues of brain as a function of its lipid solubility. In preliminary investigations (99), xenon gas inhalation prior to brain CT has provided useful information for evaluations of local cerebral blood flow and cerebral tissue abnormalities. Xenon exhibits an anesthetic effect at high concentrations but otherwise is free of physiological effects because of its nonreactive nature. 

Shipment and Storage. Liquid sulfur dioxide is commonly shipped in North America using 55- and 90-t tank cars, 20-ton tank tmcks, 1-ton cylinders, and 150-lb cylinders. Cylinders made of specified steel are affixed with the green label for nonflammable gases. The DOT classification is Poison Gas, Inhalation Ha2ard. Purchasers of tank-car quantities are required to have adequate storage faciUties for prompt transfer. 

Toxicology. An excellent review of the toxicity and health assessment of ethylene oxide has been compiled (233). Ethylene oxide (EO) can be relatively toxic as both a Hquid and gas. Inhalation of ethylene oxide ia high concentrations may be fatal. Estimates of lethal ethylene oxide inhalation levels in animals depend on the duration of exposure. The reported 4-h LC q values for rats, mice, and dogs are 1460, 835, and 960 ppm, respectively (234). More recent information (235) indicates that the 1-h LC q in rats is approximately 5000 ppm. 

Tidal volume The volume of gas inhaled or exhaled during each cycle of breathing. 

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colurless, odorless, and tasteless gas. Inhalation of as little as 0.3 percent by volume can cause death within thirty minutes. The exhaust gas from spark ignition engines at an idle speed has a high CO content. For this reason NEVER allow an engine to run in an enclosed space such as a closed garage. 

Smoke is a by-product of most fires caused by the incomplete oxidation of the fuel supply during the chemical process of combustion. It accounts for a large majority of fatalities of from fire incidents at both onshore and offshore petroleum facilities. In the Piper Alpha incident of 1988, probably the worst petroleum industry offshore life loss incident, the majority of deaths were not from bums, drowning or explosion impacts but from smoke and gas inhalation. The report on the incident concluded that, of the bodies recovered from the incident, 83% were as a result of inhalation of smoke and gas. Most of these victims were assembled in the accommodation awaiting evacuation directions or as they may have thought - a possible rescue. 

Emad A, Rezaian GR The diversity of the effects of sulfur mustard gas inhalation on respiratory system 10 years after a single, heavy exposure. Analysis of 197 cases. Chest 112(3) 734-738, 1997... 

Ozone is a highly toxic gas. Inhalation can cause death in a short time. A 1-hour exposure to lOOppm can be lethal to humans. Chronic exposure can cause pulmonary disease. 

Sihcon tetrafluoride is a toxic gas. Inhalation can cause severe irritation of the respiratory tract. 

Similarly, the toxicological effects may depend on whether the compound is inhaled as a gas, inhaled as a particle, or adsorbed/absorbed on the surfaces of coexisting particles. The distribution between these forms varies with the particular compound as well as with a number of parameters such as temperature. For example, in hot weather in ambient air in Claremont and Riverside, California, up to 25% of the PAC 2-nitro-6//-dibenzofb,d]pyran-6-one (structure XI vide supra)... 

Phosphine is a very toxic gas. Inhalation of phosphine causes restlessness, followed by tremors, fatigue, slight drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and, frequently severe gastric pain and diarrhea. Although most cases recover without after-effects, in some cases, coma or convulsions may precede death. 

Samuel Colt is perhaps best known as the inventor of the Colt 45 revolver. But in the 1830s, at the tender age of 19, Colt was touring the United States and Canada as Doctor and/or Professor Coult, amazing onlookers with live demonstrations of laughing-gas inhalation. For. 25 (. 10 for children), audience members could watch Sam Colt administer the gas to volunteers, who would then entertain the crowd with their inebriated reactions. These money-making nitrous oxide demonstrations helped finance the prototype and production of Colt s first five-shot revolver. 

C. Crane, D. Sanders, B. Endecott, and J. Abbott, Times to Incapacitation and Death for Rats Exposed Continuously to Atmospheric Hydrogen Chloride Gas, Inhalation Toxicology, part 4, Federal Aviation Administration, Civil Aeromedical Institute, Report Number FAA-AM-85-4, May 1985. 

Carcinogen if old, forms deadly phosgene gas inhalation and contact hazard... 

Dermal, ocular, and respiratory lesions are similar to those caused by mustard gas. Inhalation and oral absorption may cause respiratory tract irritation, dyspnea, and pulmonary edema. Dermal lesions are erythematous and extremely painftil. With ocular exposure to phosgene oxime, very low concentrations can cause lacrimation, inflammation, and temporary blindness, while high concentrations can cause permanent comeal lesions and blindness (Sidell et al, 1997 NATO, 1996 USACHPPM, 2001c). Death is generally due to respiratory arrest. 

Inhaling aerosol propellants is a bit mure complicated than inhaling solvents because the propellants come mixed with other substances. For example when you press the button on a can of black spray paint, what comes out is a cloud of tiny droplets of black paint and gas. Inhaling black paint does not get you high and can make you very sick. Some users solve this problem by spraying the can into a bag or balloon so that the particles separate from the gas by adhering to the sides. Others turn the cans upside down so that only Freon comes out, and still others inhale the sprays through doth filters. 

In horses, the inhalation anesthetics are used solely for general anesthesia. They are almost always delivered using a precision vaporizer with oxygen as the carrier gas. Inhalation agents are then administered via a breathing circuit into the equine respiratory system typically using an endotracheal tube. 

Because ethene is a gas, inhalation exposure is the primary route of entry. 

Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic gas. Inhalation can result in collapse and death in minutes if concentrations are high enough. The likelihood of adverse effects due to exposure to hydrogen sulfide depends on (1) level of exposure (e.g., concentration in the air), (2) how long the individual is exposed, and (3)... 

Since it is a gas, inhalation is the most likely route of exposure. However, nitric oxide is also produced endogenously from arginine by humans. 

Williams DR, Cole SJ. Ventricular fibrillation following butane gas inhalation. Resuscitation 1998 37(l) 43-5. 

Sugie H, Sasaki C, Hashimoto C, et al. Three cases of sudden death due to butane or propane gas inhalation Analysis of tissues for gas components. Forensic Sci Int2004 143(2 3) 211 -14. 

Aslan, S., Kandis, H., Akgun, M., Cakir, Z., Inandi, T., and Gorguner, M. (2006). The effect of nehuhzed NaHCOs treatment on RADS due to chlorine gas inhalation. Inhal Toxicol 18, 895-900. 

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