Immunostimulative activity

A considerable amount of extracellular polysaccharides is produced in the process of cultivation of certain plant suspension cultures and the spent culture medium has proved to be an accessible source for their production (1-3). The interest in investigating these extracellular polysaccharides has been quite strong over the past 10-15 years, motivated by their biological activity (4,5). Plants of the Asteraceae family, as well as their cell cultures, have been established to contain polysaccharides with immunostimulating activity (1-6). The object of our research was Helianthus annuus 1805 cell culture (Asteraceae), which according to the preliminary investigation produces a considerable amount of exopolysaccharides. 

The results of the biological investigation showed that polysaccharide fraction I had a distinct immunostimulating activity. 

Immunological tests indicated that fraction 1, obtaned by gel chromatography had an immunostimulating activity. It induced migration of peritoneal-exudative cells, respectively peritoneal macrophages into the peritoneal cavity of experimental animals. These cells are with high bactericidic metabolitic activity. 

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and its active component, muramyl dipeptide, have been shown to have aspecific immunostimulant activity. It is mainly used for the local treatment of bladder cancer. It binds to fibronectine in the bladder epithelium. Hypersensitivity reactions and immune complex disease are its major adverse reactions. 

Immunostimulant activity. Fresh plant juice, in the ration of female mice, was active in ovalbumin-sensitized mice . Water extract of the dried root, taken orally by human adults, was active. A pharmaceutical solution containing fruit bodies of Tremella fuciformis, Daucus carom root, Astragalus mongholicus root and Zizyphus jujuba fruits, honey, vitamin A palmitate, zinc sulfate, and vitamin C is claimed useful as an immunostimulant for controlling AIDS, cancer, and infections L Inotropic effect (negative). Ethanol (80%) extract of the aerial parts, at a concentration of 0.3 mg/mL, was active on the guinea pig atrium . 

Liposomes (see Chapter 9) have been used to deliver vaccines and have been observed to have immunostimulant activity. When administered orally liposomes with encapsulated antigens have been claimed to provide protection from the gastric proteolytic enzymes. Liposomes also have potential as mucosal delivery systems... 

The immunostimulating activity of chitosan has also been reported. A 70% DD chitosan showed immunostimulating effects by activating macrophages and natural killer cells in rats when infected with . coli and Sendai virus (Nishimura et al., 1984). Chang et al. (2004) also reported the immune-enhancing effects of chitosan as a novel adjuvant to an inactivated influenza vaccine, and the antibody content in serum remarkably increased the antiviral defenses of mice. 

DPDPE has been found to have marked in vitro immunostimulant activity in patients suffering from leprosy and tuberculosis, enhancing antigen-stimulated proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and T-cell rosetting. DPDPE has been found to enhance cytokine production by T-helper cells, IL-6 production by macrophages and NK cell activity in murine splenocytes, suggesting immunostimulatory activity at low in vitro... 

Antitumorous and immunostimulating activity of l-(chloromethyl)silatrane and l-(chloromethyl)-3,7,10-trimethylsilatrane have been studied too79). The studies have been carried out on both healthy white rats and rats with Guerin carcinoma and sarcoma 45. In addition, the following tumorous strains have been used sarcoma MTX, sarcoma 180, cholangioma RS-1, sarcoma-1, erythroleucosis Shvetso, Pliss lymphosarcoma. 

Condensation of ascorbic acid with methyl vinyl ketone afforded the ketobutyrolactone 156 ( KBBL ), which has immunostimulant activity. Upon treatment with methanol in acid 156 rearranges to 157 and 158.353... 

Celosia argentea L. -suspiro Tranquilizer No information Quilombolas [48] Betalains [84,85] Anti-diabetic activity [248] anti-metastatic and immunomodulating properties [249] immunostimulating activity [250] hepatoprotective effects [251]... 

Levamisole has also an immunostimulant activity [63] and its antihelminth activity in part may be mediated through its action on the immune system. 

Importantly, chemicals with known immunostimulating activity in man were detected correctly (Pieters and Albers, 1999). However, compounds (such as procainamide) that require metabolic conversion turned out to be false negative unless metabolic systems (see above) were added as well (Patriarca et al., 1993). Alternatively, metabolites have been tested and appeared positive, whereas their precursor compounds were negative (Goebel et al., 1995 Popovic et al., 2004). 

In Vitro Glycogen Synthesis and Immunostimulating Activity of Glycogen... 

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