Influenza virus inactivation

Influenza (surface antigen) Allantoic fluid from embryonated hens eggs infected with Influenza viruses A and B 1 Inactivation and disruption 2 Separation of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase 3 Blending of haemagglutinins and neuraminidase of different serotypes Assay of haemagglutinin content by immunodiffusion Inoculation of embryonated hens eggs to exclude live virus... 

TEZUKA M, SUZUKI H, SUZUKI Y, KARA H and OKADA s (1997) Inactivation effect of tea leaf catechins on human type-A influenza virus , Jpn J Toxicol Environ Health, 43 (5), 311-15. 

Inactivated trivalent influenza virus vaccine (annual) 0.5 mL intramuscularly (Bll)... 

Zarubaev VV, Belousova IM, Kiselev OI, Piotrovsky LB, Anfimov PM, Krisko TC, Muraviova TD, Rylkov VV, Starodubzev AM, Sirotkin AC (2007) Photodynamic inactivation of influenza virus with fullerene C60 suspension in allantoic fluid. Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther. 4 31-35. 

Fig. 5.1 Inactivation of influenza virus in allantoic fluid by fullerene. 1 virus in allantoic fluid, no illumination 2 virus in saline, specific illumination 85mW/cm3 and 3 virus in allantoic fluid, specific illumination 85 mW/cm3. The moment of addition of fresh fullerene suspension is indicated by an arrow...

Examples of killed or inactivated vaccines are cholera vaccine containing dead strains of Vibrio cholerae, hepatitis A vaccine with inactivated hepatitis A virus, pertussis vaccine with killed strains of Bordetella pertussis, typhoid vaccine with killed Salmonella typhi, and influenza vaccine with various strains of inactivated influenza viruses (see Exhibit 4.2 for a discussion of influenza viruses and vaccines and Exhibit 4.3 on avian influenza H5N1). 

Influenza vaccines Mixture of inactivated strains of influenza virus Active immunization against influenza... 

Forty-four years have passed since the initial discovery of interferon (IFN) [1]. Chick chorioallantoic membranes incubated with heat-inactivated influenza virus produced a substance that conferred resistance to infection by live virus [2,3].Termed interferon, this substance was later shown to have properties of a protein and to consist of a family of distinct proteins. 

Haidar J, An DQ, de Cienfuegos LA et al. (2006) Polymeric coatings that inactivate both influenza virus and pathogenic bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 17667-17671... 

Formalin-inactivated influenza virus Enhances the serum IgG and s-IgA responses 214... 

Parenteral Route. Parenteral vaccination remains the immunization method of choice for most antigens because it provides more effective immune response than do any other routes of vaccination in most cases. Every years millions of people receive inactivated influenza vaccine by parenteral administration. Subcutaneous vaccination with inactivated influenza vaccine is known to induce simultaneous immune responses in the blood and upper respiratory tract of subjects. The immune response, i.e., the increase in the number of influenza virus-specific antibody-secreting cells in peripheral blood and tonsils, increased rapidly to reach a peak within 1 week after vaccination.Parenteral vaccination of a DNA vaccine encoding glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus type 2 resulted in systemic cellular and humoral responses. The mucosal humoral responses generated by intramuscular and intradermal vaccination were comparable with those obtained by mucosal vaccination. The DNA vaccine was able to... 

Minutello M, Senatore F, CecchineUi G, Bianchi M, Andreani T, Podda A, Crovari P. Safety and immunogeni-city of an inactivated subunit influenza virus vaccine combined with MF59 adjuvant emulsion in elderly subjects, immunized for three consecutive influenza seasons. Vaccine 1999 17(2) 99-104. 

Minutello, M., F. Senatore, G. CecchineJJi, M. Bianchi, T. Andreani, A. Podda, and P. Crovari (1999) Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated subunit influenza virus vaccine com-... 

Isbarn, S., Buckow, R., Himmelreich, A., Lehmacher, A., and Heinz, V. 2007. Inactivation of avian influenza virus by heat and high hydrostatic pressure. Journal of Food Protection 70 667-673. 

These cell-agglutinating proteins have been reported active against certain membrane-containing viruses. Concanavalin A (con A, from Canavalia ensiformis) was found to inactivate HSV, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), influenza virus and CMV infectivity and also found to interfere with the viral replication [11]. Other examples for these toxins are lentil lectin... 

The manufacturers advise that antivirals active against influenza such as oseltamivir and rimantadine should not be given until 2 weeks after the administration of live influenza virus vaccines, and that these vaccines should not be given until 48 hours after stopping the antiviraL This is because of the theoretical concern that these antiviral drugs will inhibit replication of live vaccine virus, and therefore reduce its effect. Note that most influenza vaccines are inactivated (split virion or surface antigen), and that these would not be expected to be affected by antivirals active against influenza. 

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