Infection, bacterial routes

Disruption of host defenses owing to intravenous catheters, indwelling Foley catheters, burns, trauma, surgery, and increased gastric pH (secondary to antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors) may place patients at higher risk for infection. Breaks in and entry into the skin provide a route for infection because the natural barrier of the skin is disrupted. Increased gastric pH can allow for bacterial overgrowth and has been associated with an increased risk of pneumonia.18... 

Albino male guinea pigs were infected by subcutaneous injection of 0.001 mg of bacterial (M. tuberculosis) coating and treated with rifamycins by oral route immediately after the infection. The antibiotic treatment lasted 4 months, after which the animals were sacrificed and inguinal lymph nodes, spleen, liver and lungs examined to quantify the severity of the disease according to Feldman [75],... 

The route of antibiotic administration might be crucial. Animal studies [193, 194] have shown that enteral administration (either by oral or rectal route) of antimicrobials reduces the rate of bacterial translocation and early mortality in rats or mice with experimentally induced pancreatitis. Indeed, in patients with ANP, selective bowel decontamination with oral and rectal antibiotics decreased the infection rate [195]. 

Animal and human studies have demonstrated that rifaximin has very poor intestinal absorption after oral administration, so that blood and urine concentrations of rifaximin are practically undetectable [6], Rifaximin excretion is essentially exclusively by the fecal route [5]. Therefore, when rifaximin is administered by the oral route, it acts locally at the intestinal level and eliminates the bacterial organisms that are causing the infection. The important antibacterial activity of rifaximin appears to be directly related to the high intestinal concentration of the drug and inhibition of bacterial growth. The drug has... 

The exact mechanism of bacterial infection of the prostate is not well understood. The possible routes of infection include ascending infection of the urethra, reflux of infected urine into prostatic ducts, invasion by rectal bacteria through direct extension or lymphatic spread, and by hematogenous spread. 

A prime practical consideration in the use of the IP route for acute testing should be the utilization of aseptic techniques to preclude bacterial or viral contamination. If these are not exercised, the resulting infected and compromised animals cannot be expected to produce either valid or reproducible indications or actual chemical toxicity. 

Life-threatening infections - The IV route may be preferable for patients with bacterial septicemia, localized parenchymal abscesses (such as intra-abdominal abscess), peritonitis or other severe or life-threatening infections. 

IV route IV route is recommended for patients requiring single doses greater than 1 g or those with bacterial septicemia, localized parenchymal abscess (eg, intra-abdominal abscess), peritonitis, or other severe systemic or life-threatening infections. For infections due to P. aeruginosa, a dosage of 2 g every 6 or 8 hours is recommended, at least upon initiation of therapy. 

In endemic areas malaria should always be considered and, if possible, checked by blood film analysis otherwise empiric antimalarial treatment may be indicated (see section on malaria). Empiric treatment should further cover the spectrum of bacterial agents likely to cause septic infections in the particular patient. The potentially fatal course of septic disease requires an antibiotic regimen that is rapidly lethal for the causative agent, and preferably attains adequate levels at the site of infection quickly. Therefore, treatment regimens usually include a combination of two (sometimes three) antibiotics that are given by a parenteral route (intramuscularly or preferably by intravenous infusion). 

Superinfections, particularly with fungal infections, may result from bacterial imbalance no matter which administration route is used. 

Amoxicillin is a close analogue to ampicillin that is also inactivated by -lactamases. The action and uses of amoxicillin are like those of ampicillin. Hence it is used against a wide variety of bacterial infections in farm animals including those of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, and mammary system. It is administered in the form of tablets, suspensions, powders, parenteral, and intramammary formulations at dosage rates of 10 mg/kg bw by the oral route and 7-15 mg/kg bw by the parenteral route. 

Spiramycin is a macrolide-antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It is used for the treatment and control of a number of bacterial and mycoplasmal infections in a variety of food-producing animals. Like tylosin, spiramycin has been used in many countries as a feed additive at low inclusion rates. It is available as spiramycin embonate for use in animal feed, and as the adipate for administration by parenteral routes. 

Danofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial developed specifically for use in veterinary medicine (140). It has been studied for use in cattle, swine, chickens, and turkeys for the control of respiratory and enteric bacterial infections (141). Danofloxacin can be administered via drinking water to broiler chickens and replacement chicks at a dosage of 5 mg/kg bw for 3 days, and via the intramuscular route to calves, beef, and nonlactating cattle at a dosage of 1.25 mg/kg bw/ day for 3 days. 

Oxytetracycline has a long history in human and veterinary medicine for the treatment and control of a wide variety of bacterial infections, and for its growth-promoting properties. It may be administered by any of the normal routes. It is readily absorbed from the intestine by most mammals but intestinal absorption in poultry is restricted. Oxytetracycline is most useful in that it readily disperses throughout the body, attaining therapeutic levels in most tissues and fluids within a short time. 

It is often demanded that the surface of polymeric biomaterials should exhibit permanent tenacious adhesion to soft connective and dermal tissues. However, conventional non-porous, polymeric materials will be encapsulated by a fibrous membrane generated de novo by surrounding fibroblasts, when subcutaneously implanted into the living body in contact with soft connective tissues. This is a typical foreign body reaction of the living system to isolate foreign materials from the host inside the body. On the other hand, it should be noted that the small gap present between a percutaneously-implanted device and the surrounding tissue provides a possible route for bacterial infection because of the lack of microscopic adhesion at the interface. 

Oral bioavailability is 57%, and tissue and intracallular penetration is generally good. Telithromycin is metabolized in the liver and eliminated by a combination of biliary and urinary routes of excretion. It is administered as a once-daily dose of 800 mg, which results in peak serum concentrations of approximately 2 g/mL. Telithromycin is indicated for treatment of respiratory tract infections, including community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, and streptococcal pharyngitis. Telithromycin is a reversible inhibitor of the CYP3A4 enzyme system. 

A variety of diseases affect the lymphatic system early in their time course. For example, many cancers spread by lymphatic dissemination, and HIV, fungal, and bacterial infections are located primarily in the lymph nodes. The high prevalence of lymph node involvement in disease is due to the role of lymphatic tissue in the provision of the body s immune response. Intralymphatic and interstitial administration are two efficient access routes. However, the oral route may also prove to be important for the lymphatic uptake of lipophilic drags and macromolecules. 

A vaginal vaccine has been developed for the treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections. The multistrain vaccine, composed of 10 heat-killed bacterial uropathogenic strains, has been shown to be efficacious against cystitis in non-human primates when administered by the vaginal route. Bladder infections were significantly reduced and both systemic and local immune responses were generated. 

In the inherited syndrome of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), cytochrome Z 245 is absent and consequently the respiratory burst cannot take place [6], Persistent, but selective, bacterial infections are seen in these patients. NADPH oxidase is useful as part of a controlled acute inflammatory response to bacterial invasion, but excessive activity of this enzyme might lead to tissue destruction. In addition to PMN s, other inflammatory cell types, e.g. lymphocytes and macrophages, possess a membrane NADPH oxidase [7], ROI production by these latter cell types may form part of an intercellular communication pathway important in the inflammatory response [8], and perhaps an absence of this cell signalling route in CGD patients is linked to the development of chronic granulomata in these patients. Interestingly, myeloperoxidase deficiency is not associated with disease. 

Routs black and rotted. Cause Black rot. Leaves have yellow, V-shaped spots on margins. Destroy infected plants. Prevent this bacterial disease by treating seed with 122°F water for 25 minutes before planting. (Be aware that this treatment can injure seed viability for complete instructions, see page 422.)... 

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