Enteral administration

The route of antibiotic administration might be crucial. Animal studies [193, 194] have shown that enteral administration (either by oral or rectal route) of antimicrobials reduces the rate of bacterial translocation and early mortality in rats or mice with experimentally induced pancreatitis. Indeed, in patients with ANP, selective bowel decontamination with oral and rectal antibiotics decreased the infection rate [195]. 

Oral suspension Empty packet contents into 2 tablespoons of water. Do not use other liquids or foods. Stir well and drink immediately. If any material remains after drinking, add more water, stir, and drink immediately. Do not give through enteral administration tubes. 

Drugs are administered to animals by parenteral or enteral administration, and topical application. Parenteral administration bypasses the alimentary tract and can be effected by a variety of routes including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intrapleural injections inhalation and percuta-neously. In intravenous injections, entry of dmgs into the system depends only upon the rate of injection and not on absorption into the bloodstream. As a result, water-soluble poorly absorbed drugs may be readily administered. 

Fasano, A., and S. Uzzau. 1997. Modulation of intestinal tight junctions by zonula occludens toxin permits enteral administration of insulin and other macromolecules in an animal model. J Clin Invest 99 1158. 

Absorption is the passage of the drug from its site of administration into the plasma after enteral administration. It involves the passage of the drug through the appropriate membranes. Good absorption normally requires... 

Male or female inbred Beagle or Labrador-Harrier dogs weighing between 15 and 25 kg are used. They are anesthetized with a bolus injection of 35 40 mg/kg pentobarbital, and continued with an infusion of 4-6mg/kg/h. A catheter is placed into the cephalic vein for intravenous injections. Another catheter is placed into the duodenum for enteral administration. Respiration is maintained with room air through... 

CRITICAL ASSESSEMENT OF THE METHOD In general pharmacological studies during anesthesia should be assessed appropriately due to the possible interaction between the test compound and the used anesthetic as well as due to the reduced tone of the autonomic nervous system. Enteral administration of the candidate compound should be avoided, because enteral absorption of the test compound might be reduced due to the impaired intestinal motility during anesthesia. With respect to the effect of the aesthetic compound itself on intermediary metabolism the barbiturate pentobarbital sodium is the most inert anesthetic and does not cause alterations of metabolic blood and tissue parameters. In contrast, e.g. urethane as well as isoflurane (inhalation aesthetic) influences by itself substantially metabolic parameters over time (hours). 

Cell therapy consists of the parenteral or enteral administration of cells or parts of cell obtained from animal organs and/or tissues from cattle, sheep, pigs, or rabbits. Two different types of cell preparations are in use fresh cells, which are administered in fresh form, and dried cells or so-called sicca cells, which are prepared for later use. The most prevailing risks of cell therapy are local and generalized allergic reactions (fever, nausea, vomiting, urticaria, and anaphylactic shock). Other untoward consequences include fatal and non-fatal encephalomyelitis, polyneuritis, Landry-Guillain-Barre sjmdrome, fatal serum sickness, perivenous leukoencephalitis, and immune-complex vasculitis. 

Inhibition of Gastric Acid Secretion in Rat by Enteral Administration,ED , mg kg (ED50, mgkg , omeprazole)... 

There are two main ways by which substances may be administered to humans the enteral and the parenteral routes. For enteral administration the substance is placed directly into the gastrointestinal tract by permitting a tablet to dissolve when it is placed under the tongue (sub-lingual administration), or by swallowing a tablet, capsule or a solution (oral) or by rectal administration as a suppository. In parenteral administration the substance in solution may be injected subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravascularly, inhaled as an aerosol, applied topically to the skin as a cream or ointment, or, rarely, in the form of a pessary. 

Bower RH, Cerra FB, Bershadsky B, et al. Early enteral administration of a formula (Impact) supplemented with arginine, nucleotides, and fish oil in intensive care unit patients Results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 1995 23 436-449. 

Gutting BW, Bouzahzah F, Kong PL, Updyke LW, Amacher DE, Craft J. Oxazolone and diclofenac-induced popliteal lymph node assay reactions are attenuated in mice orally pretreated with the respective compound potential role for the induction of regulatory mechanisms following enteric administration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003 189 120-133. 

Most of the biochemical studies of a,a-trehalose have been confined to the action of yeast thereon. However, Clark, Solkot, and Corley showed that enteral administration of a,a-trehalose results in an increase of the glycogen content in the liver of fasting white rats. 

Instability of the drugs during nonpar-enteral administration. 

The uptake of proteins and peptides after enteral administration is largely prohibited hy physical and en2ymatic barriers [11]. The mucus and the glycocalyx that cover the microvilli of the brush border membrane need to be permeated prior to a contact of the drug with the epithelial cell and thus serve as physical barriers against protein uptake. The tight junctions that form the very close connection between adjacent to epithelial cells also build a strong physical barrier (see Fig. 2). 

The cumulative properties of pesticides may be studied under different experimental conditions. A necessary minimum of data can be obtained through acute and subacute experiments involving enteral administration of substances. 

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