Adhesion microscope

Tumor that is adherent to other organs or structures macroscopically is classified T4. However, if no tumor is present in the adhesion microscopically, the classification should be pTs. The V and L substaging should be used to identify the presence or absence of vascular or lymphatic invasion. 

D. Platikanov and M. Nedyalkov, Contact Angles and Line Tension at Microscopic Three Phase Contacts, in Microscopic Aspects of Adhesion and Lubrication, J. M. Georges, ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1982. 

Thundat T, Zheng X-Y, Chen G Y, Sharp S L, Warmack R J and Schowalter L J 1993 Characterization of atomic force microscope tips by adhesion force measurements App/. Phys. Lett. 63 2150... 

Landman U, Luedtke W D and Ringer E M 1992 Moiecuiar dynamics simuiations of adhesive contact formation and friction Fundamentals of Friction Macroscopic and Microscopic Processes (NATO ASI Series E220) eds i LSinger and FI M Pollock (Dordrecht Kiuwer) pp 463-508... 

The avidin-biotin complex, known for its extremely high affinity (Green, 1975), has been studied experimentally more extensively than most other protein-ligand systems. The adhesion forces between avidin and biotin have been measured directly by AFM experiments (Florin et al., 1994 Moy et al., 1994b Moy et al., 1994a). SMD simulations were performed on the entire tetramer of avidin with four biotins bound to investigate the microscopic detail of nnbinding of biotin from avidin (Izrailev et al., 1997). 

Fig. 13. Scanning electron microscope (sem) photographs of Parylene C-coated printed circuit conductor peeled to demonstrate the adhesion of the...

Rossmann suggested that the canyons form the binding site for the rhi-novirus receptor on the surface of the host cells. The receptor for the major group of rhinoviruses is an adhesion protein known as lCAM-1. Cryoelectron microscopic studies have since shown that ICAM-1 indeed binds at the canyon site. Such electron micrographs of single virus particles have a low resolution and details are not visible. However, it is possible to model components, whose structure is known to high resolution, into the electron microscope pictures and in this way obtain rather detailed information, an approach pioneered in studies of muscle proteins as described in Chapter 14. 

In the JKR experiments, a macroscopic spherical cap of a soft, elastic material is in contact with a planar surface. In these experiments, the contact radius is measured as a function of the applied load (a versus P) using an optical microscope, and the interfacial adhesion (W) is determined using Eqs. 11 and 16. In their original work, Johnson et al. [6] measured a versus P between a rubber-rubber interface, and the interface between crosslinked silicone rubber sphere and poly(methyl methacrylate) flat. The apparatus used for these measurements was fairly simple. The contact radius was measured using a simple optical microscope. This type of measurement is particularly suitable for soft elastic materials. 

Weisenhom, A.L., Maivald, P, Butt, H.J. and Hansma, P.K., Measuring adhesion, allrac-lion, and repulsion between surfaces in liquids with an atomic-force microscope. P/ry.v. Rev. B Condens. Matter, 45(19), 11226-11232 (1992). 

Whilman, L.J. and Colton, R.J., Design and calibration of a scanning force microscope for friction, adhesion, and contact potential studies. Rev. Sci. fnsirum., 66, I (1995). Ba.selt, D.R. and Baldeschwieler, J.D., Imaging spectro.scopy with the atomic-force microscope. J. AppL Pliys., 76(1), 33-38 (1994). 

Step 3. The set of fracture properties G(t) are related to the interfaee structure H(t) through suitable deformation mechanisms deduced from the micromechanics of fracture. This is the most difficult part of the problem but the analysis of the fracture process in situ can lead to valuable information on the microscopic deformation mechanisms. SEM, optical and XPS analysis of the fractured interface usually determine the mode of fracture (cohesive, adhesive or mixed) and details of the fracture micromechanics. However, considerable modeling may be required with entanglement and chain fracture mechanisms to realize useful solutions since most of the important events occur within the deformation zone before new fracture surfaces are created. We then obtain a solution to the problem. 

The scale of the microscopic surface roughness is important to assure good mechanical interlocking and good durability. Although all roughness serves to increase the effective surface area of the adherend and therefore to increase the number of primary and secondary bonds with the adhesive/primer, surfaces with features on the order of tens of nanometers exhibit superior performance to those with features on the order of microns [9,14], Several factors contribute to this difference in performance. The larger-scale features are fewer in number... 

Solid bed dehydration systems work on the principle of adsorption. Adsorption involves a form of adhesion between the surface of the solid desiccant and the water vapor in the gas. The water forms an extremely thin film that is held to the desiccant surface by forces of attraction, but there is no chemical reaction. The desiccant is a solid, granulated drying or dehydrating medium with an extremely large effective surface area per unit weight because of a multitude of microscopic pores and capillary... 

The failure of systems with dispersed fillers (exemplified by polystyrene plus glass spheres with different treatment) was studied by subjecting specimens to deformation in the microscope field [255,256]. Where adhesion was good the cracks were observed to be formed near the glass sphere pole, in regions corresponding to the maximum deformation, where adhesion was poor, anywhere between the pole and the equator. It was discovered that microcracks began to... 

Each of the multilayered materials of Table II, in pouch form, met the retortability requirements. Examination of the pouches after this test showed that no delamination occurred among the layers. However, microscopic examination of specimens used for bond strength tests showed that adhesive failure rather than cohesive failure occurred be-... 

Figure 35 shows the optical microscopic images of the first crack point on the sample surface. The scratch scar of monolayer Sample 1 has the feature of brittleness. However, there is an obvious crack along the scratch scar of Sample 2 before the coating delamination. This indicates that mono-layer Sample 2 has the feature of ductility, and the adhesion between the film and the substrate is poor. However, there is no obvious crack before the delamination in the scratch scars of other samples. The feature of multilayer Samples 3 and 4 is different from monolayer Samples 1 and 2. There are no obvious cracks in the scratch scars of Samples 5 and 6, except several small cracks along the edge of the scars. These... 

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