Local Immune Responses

Local immune responses [51, 108], allergic immune responses [109, 110], and systemic immune suppression [82, 83] have been reported in vivo after exposure to CNTs. 

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The first inactivated poliovirus vaccine was introduced in the 1950s in an injectable formulation, and replaced in the 1960s by a live oral poliovirus vaccine. The oral poliovirus vaccine not only elicits systemic immunogenicity but also a localized immune response in the intestinal tract. Unfortunately, the oral poliovirus vaccine has the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis occurring in approximately 1 case of every 2.4 million doses distributed. The risk with the first dose of oral poliovirus vaccine is 1 case in 750,000 doses.11... 

Large doses of glucocorticoids have been associated with the development of peptic ulcer, possibly by suppressing the local immune response against Helicobacter pylori. They also promote fat redistribution in the body, with increase of visceral, facial, nuchal, and supraclavicular fat, and they appear to antagonize the effect of vitamin D on calcium absorption. The glucocorticoids also have important effects on the hematopoietic system. In addition to their effects on leukocytes, they increase the number of platelets and red blood cells. 

P. Knolle, H. Lohr, U. Treichel, H. P. Dienes, A. Lohse, J. Schlaack, and G. Gerken, Parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cells and their interaction in the local immune response, Z. Gastroenterol. 33 613-620 (1995). 

Inflammatory conditions of the GI tract may be initiated by a disregu-lated local immune response to the normal microbiota and are host dependent (Sartor, 2003 Shanahan, 2001). However, a subset of IBS patients experience symptoms following gastrointestinal infection (post-infectious IBS). In addition, underlying infection has been proposed as a possible trigger in Crohn s disease and both M. avium subsp. paratubercu-losis or adherent invasive E. coli (AIEC) have been suggested as possible sources of inflammation (Darfefeuille-Michaud et ah, 2004 Sechi et ah,... 

A vaginal vaccine has been developed for the treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections. The multistrain vaccine, composed of 10 heat-killed bacterial uropathogenic strains, has been shown to be efficacious against cystitis in non-human primates when administered by the vaginal route. Bladder infections were significantly reduced and both systemic and local immune responses were generated. 

The ai -PI (along with other serum proteinase inhibitors) can attenuate lymphocyte antigen processing by binding to lymphocyte surface proteinases and subsequently down-regulate lymphocyte proliferative response. Therefore, oxidation of ai -PI may activate local immune response in sites of bacterial invasion and contribute to the development of the inflammatory process (B8, B9, S59). On the other hand, oxidative inactivation of some neutrophilic lysosomal enzymes can... 

Schroeter M, Jander S, Witte OW, Stoll G (1994) Local immune responses in die rat cerebral cortex after middle cerebral ai tery occlusion. J Neui oimmunol 55 195—203. 

Brokstad, K.A. Cox, R.J. Olofsson, J. Jonsson, R. Haaheim, L.R. Parenteral influenza vaccination induces a rapid systemic and local immune response. J. Infect. Dis. 1995, 171, 198-203. 

The variety of MS-based approaches [see Fig. (1) and Fig. (2) for a general view of the strategies] that have been used to discover, identify and elucidate effectors of the Drosophila immune defense reactions is presently reviewed.Regardless of the approach, MS allowed the discovery and structural characterization of an unprecedented number of systemic immune effectors, as well as the detection of such effectors within tissues expressing a local immune response. 

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