Inductively coupled plasma with atomic emission spectroscopy

Inductively coupled plasma with atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES)... 

After a modified protein is prepared, the site of modification must be determined rigorously. It also is necessary to ensure that the structure of the protein has not been perturbed by the modification. Several methods have been used to determine the number and position of metal atoms affixed to the protein surface. The number of metal atoms is commonly determined by atomic absorption analysis (194) or by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic emission analysis (23, 146). Under favorable circumstances, the metal ratios in modified derivatives can be determined by UV/ vis spectroscopy (23, 113). Another method for quantifying ruthenium attached to histidines is to compare the reactions of the native and modified proteins with diethyl pyrocarbonate (146), which is a histidine specific reagent. 

AAS = atomic absorption spectrometry GC/FID = gas chromatography/f1ame ignition detector GC/FPD = gas chromatography/f1ame photometric detector ICP/AES = inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy ICP/MS = inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometric detection... 

Sensing methods capable of quantifying these trace elements at low levels include atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) combined with atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) or inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The latter technique represents a powerful... 

The section on Spectroscopy has been retained but with some revisions and expansion. The section includes ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray spectrometry. Detection limits are listed for the elements when using flame emission, flame atomic absorption, electrothermal atomic absorption, argon induction coupled plasma, and flame atomic fluorescence. Nuclear magnetic resonance embraces tables for the nuclear properties of the elements, proton chemical shifts and coupling constants, and similar material for carbon-13, boron-11, nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, silicon-19, and phosphoms-31. 

To examine a sample by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES) the sample must be transported into the flame of a plasma torch. Once in the flame, sample molecules are literally ripped apart to form ions of their constituent elements. These fragmentation and ionization processes are described in Chapters 6 and 14. To introduce samples into the center of the (plasma) flame, they must be transported there as gases, as finely dispersed droplets of a solution, or as fine particulate matter. The various methods of sample introduction are described here in three parts — A, B, and C Chapters 15, 16, and 17 — to cover gases, solutions (liquids), and solids. Some types of sample inlets are multipurpose and can be used with gases and liquids or with liquids and solids, but others have been designed specifically for only one kind of analysis. However, the principles governing the operation of inlet systems fall into a small number of categories. This chapter discusses specifically substances that are normally liquids at ambient temperatures. This sort of inlet is the commonest in analytical work. 

Oxygen and nitrogen also are deterrnined by conductivity or chromatographic techniques following a hot vacuum extraction or inert-gas fusion of hafnium with a noble metal (25,26). Nitrogen also may be deterrnined by the Kjeldahl technique (19). Phosphoms is determined by phosphine evolution and flame-emission detection. Chloride is determined indirecdy by atomic absorption or x-ray spectroscopy, or at higher levels by a selective-ion electrode. Fluoride can be determined similarly (27,28). Uranium and U-235 have been determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (29). 

The classical wet-chemical quaUtative identification of chromium is accompHshed by the intense red-violet color that develops when aqueous Cr(VI) reacts with (5)-diphenylcarba2ide under acidic conditions (95). This test is sensitive to 0.003 ppm Cr, and the reagent is also useful for quantitative analysis of trace quantities of Cr (96). Instmmental quaUtative identification is possible using inductively coupled argon plasma—atomic emission spectroscopy... 

In Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), a gaseous, solid (as fine particles), or liquid (as an aerosol) sample is directed into the center of a gaseous plasma. The sample is vaporized, atomized, and partially ionized in the plasma. Atoms and ions are excited and emit light at characteristic wavelengths in the ultraviolet or visible region of the spectrum. The emission line intensities are proportional to the concentration of each element in the sample. A grating spectrometer is used for either simultaneous or sequential multielement analysis. The concentration of each element is determined from measured intensities via calibration with standards. 

Catalyst characterization - Characterization of mixed metal oxides was performed by atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma atomisation (ICP-AES) on a CE Instraments Sorptomatic 1990. NH3-TPD was nsed for the characterization of acid site distribntion. SZ (0.3 g) was heated up to 600°C using He (30 ml min ) to remove adsorbed components. Then, the sample was cooled at room temperatnre and satnrated for 2 h with 100 ml min of 8200 ppm NH3 in He as carrier gas. Snbseqnently, the system was flashed with He at a flowrate of 30 ml min for 2 h. The temperatnre was ramped np to 600°C at a rate of 10°C min. A TCD was used to measure the NH3 desorption profile. Textural properties were established from the N2 adsorption isotherm. Snrface area was calcnlated nsing the BET equation and the pore size was calcnlated nsing the BJH method. The resnlts given in Table 33.4 are in good agreement with varions literature data. 

The metal content analysis of the samples was effected by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES Varian Liberty II Instrument) after microwaves assisted mineralisation in hydrofluoric/hydrochloric acid mixture. Ultraviolet and visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS) was carried out in the 200-900 nm range with a Lambda 40 Perkin Elmer spectrophotometer with a BaS04 reflection sphere. HF was used as a reference. Data processing was carried out with Microcal Origin 7.1 software. 

Fig. 2. Solid-phase arsenic in ppm versus depth in m from a continuous core. The core consists of clayey silt to depth of 28 m, and fine sand thereafter with a silt horizon at 34 m depth. As was measured by digestion with an HCI-HNO3-H2O aqua regia solution followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy analysis.

An introductory manual that explains the basic concepts of chemistry behind scientific analytical techniques and that reviews their application to archaeology. It explains key terminology, outlines the procedures to be followed in order to produce good data, and describes the function of the basic instrumentation required to carry out those procedures. The manual contains chapters on the basic chemistry and physics necessary to understand the techniques used in analytical chemistry, with more detailed chapters on atomic absorption, inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence, electron microscopy, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Each chapter describes the operation of the instruments, some hints on the practicalities, and a review of the application of the technique to archaeology, including some case studies. With guides to further reading on the topic, it is an essential tool for practitioners, researchers, and advanced students alike. 

NMR) [24], and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy [25] are commonly applied methods. Analysis using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques has been achieved with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), with chemical ionisation (Cl) often more informative than conventional electron impact (El) ionisation [26]. For the qualitative and quantitative characterisation of silicone polyether copolymers in particular, SEC, NMR, and FT-IR have also been demonstrated as useful and informative methods [22] and the application of high-temperature GC and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is also described [5]. 

In the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICPAES) method (ASTM DD 5600), a sample of petroleum coke is ashed at 700°C (1292°F) and the ash is fused with lithium borate. The melt is dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid, and the resulting solution is analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy using aqueous calibration standards. Because of the need to fuse the ash with lithium borate or other suitable salt, the fusibility of ash may need attention (ASTM D1857). 

Chapters 7 and 8 describe two major techniques for the monitoring of trace elements in environmental samples atomic absorption (AA) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP). AA is most ideally suited for analyses where a limited number of trace metal concentrations are needed with high accuracy and precision. ICP has the advantage of multielement analysis with high speed. 

In 1C, the election-detection mode is the one based on conductivity measurements of solutions in which the ionic load of the eluent is low, either due to the use of eluents of low specific conductivity, or due to the chemical suppression of the eluent conductivity achieved by proper devices (see further). Nevertheless, there are applications in which this kind of detection is not applicable, e.g., for species with low specific conductivity or for species (metals) that can precipitate during the classical detection with suppression. Among the techniques that can be used as an alternative to conductometric detection, spectrophotometry, amperometry, and spectroscopy (atomic absorption, AA, atomic emission, AE) or spectrometry (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS, and MS) are those most widely used. Hence, the wide number of techniques available, together with the improvement of stationary phase technology, makes it possible to widen the spectrum of substances analyzable by 1C and to achieve extremely low detection limits. 

A binder—free Na-Y zeolite with Si/Al ratio of 2.29 was obtained from Strem Chemical Co., La,Na—Y and Cs,Na-Y zeolites were prepared by exchanging Na-Y zeolite with LaCls and CsCl solution at room temperature. The percentage of metal ion exchanged in a zeolite has been determinated by Inductively-Coupled-Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy and the number is used as prefix for the samples, e.g., Cs exchanged level of 667. is represented as 66Cs,Na-Y sample. 

Nickel is normally present at very low levels in biological samples. To determine trace nickel levels in these samples accurately, sensitive and selective methods are required. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), with or without preconcentration or separation steps, are the most common methods. These methods have been adopted in standard procedures by EPA, NIOSH, lARC, and the International Union of Pure and Applied... 

The most frequently applied analytical methods used for characterizing bulk and layered systems (wafers and layers for microelectronics see the example in the schematic on the right-hand side) are summarized in Figure 9.4. Besides mass spectrometric techniques there are a multitude of alternative powerful analytical techniques for characterizing such multi-layered systems. The analytical methods used for determining trace and ultratrace elements in, for example, high purity materials for microelectronic applications include AAS (atomic absorption spectrometry), XRF (X-ray fluorescence analysis), ICP-OES (optical emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma), NAA (neutron activation analysis) and others. For the characterization of layered systems or for the determination of surface contamination, XPS (X-ray photon electron spectroscopy), SEM-EDX (secondary electron microscopy combined with energy disperse X-ray analysis) and... 

A. Lopez-Molinero, O. Mendoza, A. Callizo, P. Chamorro and J. R. Castillo, Chemical vapor generation for sample introduction into inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy vaporisation of antimony(III) with bromide. Analyst, 127(10), 2002, 1386-1391. 

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