Inductively coupled plasma spectroscop

Wendth, R.H. and Fassel, V.A. (1965) Induction coupled plasma spectroscopic excitation source, Analytical Chemistry, 37, pp920-922. 

Spectroscopic methods for the deterrnination of impurities in niobium include the older arc and spark emission procedures (53) along with newer inductively coupled plasma source optical emission methods (54). Some work has been done using inductively coupled mass spectroscopy to determine impurities in niobium (55,56). X-ray fluorescence analysis, a widely used method for niobium analysis, is used for routine work by niobium concentrates producers (57,58). Paying careful attention to matrix effects, precision and accuracy of x-ray fluorescence analyses are at least equal to those of the gravimetric and ion-exchange methods. 

An inductively coupled plasma formed by passing argon through a quartz torch is widely used for the mass spectroscopic analysis of metal compounds separated by online HPLC.6 Samples are nebulized on introduction into the interface. Plasma impact evaporates solvent, and atomizes and ionizes the analyte. Applications include separation of organoarsenic compounds on ion-pairing F4PLC and vanadium species on cation exchange. 

Bjorn E, Freeh W, Hoffmann E, Liidke C (1998) Investigation and quantification of spectroscopic interferences from polyatomic species in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using electrothermal vaporization or pneumatic nebulization for sample introduction. Spectrochim Acta 53B 1766... 

Cremers, D.A. Radziemski, L.J. 2006. Handbook of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscop. J. Wiley Sons, New York Gonzalez, J., Oropeza, D., Mao, X.L., Russo, R.E. 2008. Assessment of the precision and accuracy of thorium (232Th) and uranium (238U) measured by quadrupole based-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry comparison of liquid... 

Of particular concern in this analysis is sodium because it destroys soil structure, is associated with increased soil pH, and can be toxic to plants. Sodium can easily be determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), flame ionization spectroscopy (FIS), and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) methods. Soil structure is discussed in Chapter 2 and the various spectroscopic methods discussed in Chapter 14. 

Owing to their superior fluorescent yield, heavy elements ordinarily yield considerably more intense XRF bands than the light elements. This feature can be exploited to determine the concentration of inorganic species in a sample, or the concentration of a compound that contains a heavy element in some matrix. Many potential XRF applications have never been developed owing to the rise of atomic spectroscopic methods, particularly inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry [74]. Nevertheless, under the right set of circumstances, XRF analysis can be profitably employed. 

Fluctuations in the coupling of radio frequency energy occur in inductively coupled plasmas. Which atomic spectroscopic technique will be more affected by these fluctuations Explain your answer. 

Besides flame AA and graphite furnace AA, there is a third atomic spectroscopic technique that enjoys widespread use. It is called inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Unlike flame AA and graphite furnace AA, the ICP technique measures the emissions from an atomization/ionization/excitation source rather than the absorption of a light beam passing through an atomizer. 

Atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma spectrometers are metal-selective spectrometers used for organic metal analysis. The connection of these spectroscopic instruments to a liquid chromatograph is relatively simple. Chromatograms of alkylmercury3 and aminoplatinum analytes4 are shown in Figures 2.8 and 2.9, respectively. 

In reference 190, the authors describe the spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic techniques they used to determine the pMMO structure. First, EPR and EX AFS experiments indicated a mononuclear, type 2 Cu(II) center hgated by histidine residues and a copper-containing cluster characterized by a 2.57 A Cu-Cu interaction. A functional iron center was also indicated by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). ICP-AES uses inductively coupled plasma to produce excited atoms that emit electromagnetic radiation at a wavelength characteristic of a particular element. The intensity of this emission is indicative of the concentration of the element (iron in this case) within the sample. 

R. Fobinski, J. A. C. Broekaert, P. Tschoepel and G. Toelg, Inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopic determination of trace... 

S. Greenfield, Invention of the Annular Inductively Coupled Plasma as a Spectroscopic Source, J. Chem. Ed 2000, 77, 584. 

Other approaches have been taken for on-line analysis of individual aerosol particles as well. Laser spark spectroscopy (33) vaporizes individual particles in the breakdown plasma created by a pulsed laser. Atomic emission spectra can then be used to deduce the elemental composition of the particle that was vaporized. The timing of the laser pulse is critical because the particle must be caught in the focal volume of the pulsed laser, so a second laser is used to detect the particle and trigger the pulsed laser. To date the technique has been applied to large particles, that is, coal particles on the order of 60 to 70 xm in diameter in combustion studies. The use of inductively coupled plasma would eliminate the complex triggering and might allow on-line analysis of smaller particles spectroscopically. 

GFAAS = graphite furnace (flameless) atomic absorption spectroscopy TLC = thin layer chromatography HFP-AES = high frequency plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy NAA = neutron atomic analysis ICP-AES = inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy AAS = atomic absorption spectrometry GSE = graphite spectroscopic electrode UV = ultraviolet spectrophotometry PD = photodensitometer and (3,5-diBr-PADAP) = 2(-3,-5-dibromo-2-pyridylazo)-5- diethyl-ami nophenol. 

Metals contained in samples are determined by a wide variety of analytical methods. Bulk metals, such as copper in brass or iron in steel, can be analyzed readily by chemical methods such as gravimetry or electrochemistry. However, many metal determinations are for smaller, or trace, quantities. These are determined by various spectroscopic or chromatographic methods, such as atomic absorbance spectrometry using flame (FAAS) or graphite furnace (GFAAS) atomization, atomic emission spectrometry (AES), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), and ion chromatography (IC). 

Many metal analyses are carried out using atomic spectroscopic methods such as flame or graphite furnace atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). These methods commonly require the sample to be presented as a dilute aqueous solution, usually in acid. ICP-mass spectrometry requires similar preparation. Other samples may be analyzed in solid form. For x-ray fluorescence, the solid sample may require dilution with a solid buffer material to produce less variation between samples and standards, reducing matrix effects. A solid sample is also preferred for neutron activation analyses and may be obtained from dilute aqueous samples by precipitation methods. 

In the struggle for supremacy in the area of multielement atomic emission, the recent advent of the induction-coupled plasma (1 -9 ) may result in the eventual extinction of combustion flames as spectroscopic sources. In the area of detection systems, numerous configurations have been proposed, and, at this time, it is... 

Multielement analysis will become more important in industrial hygiene analysis as the number of elements per sample and the numbers of samples increases. Additional requirements that will push development of atomic absorption techniques and may encourage the use of new techniques are lower detction and sample speciation. Sample speciation will probably require the use of a chromatographic technique coupled to the spectroscopic instrumentation as an elemental detector. This type of instrumental marriage will not be seen in routine analysis. The use of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) (17), Zeeman-effect atomic absorption spectroscopy (ZAA) (18), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) (19) will increase in industrial hygiene laboratories because they each offer advantages or detection that AAS does not. 

Other elements were measured by a Perkin-Elmer SCIEX ELAN 6100 DRCII Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) instrument equipped with a cyclonic spray chamber, a concentric nebulizer and a dynamic reaction cell (DRC). In the vented (standard) mode, no reaction gas is present in the cell and the instrument shows the typical characteristics of a quadrupole-based ICP-MS apparatus. When the gas is introduced into the cell an ion-molecule reaction takes place that can be tailored so as to eliminate spectroscopic interferences. Experimental conditions are summarized in Table 10.2. 

R. F. Suddendorf, K. K. Cook, Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopic determination of nine elements in infant formula collaborative study, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 67 (1984), 985-992. 

G. R. Gillson, D. J. Douglas, J. E. Fulford, R. W. Halligan, S. D. Tanner, Non-spectroscopic interelement interferences in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 60 (1988), 1472-1474. 

Each spectroscopic method has a characteristic application. For example, flame photometry is still applicable to the direct determination of Ca and Sr, and to the determination of Li, Rb, Cs and Ba after preconcentration with ion-exchange resin. Fluorimetry provides better sensitivities for Al, Be, Ga and U, although it suffers from severe interference effects. Emission spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and neutron activation analysis allow multielement analysis of solid samples with pretty good sensitivity and precision, and have commonly been applied to the analysis of marine organisms and sediments. Recently, inductively-coupled plasma (ICP)... 

In both total and sequential dissolutions, the result is a solution containing the components of rocks and soils. This solution is then analyzed by different methods. Mostly, spectroscopic methods are used atomic absorption and emission spectroscopic methods, ultraviolet, atom fluorescence, and x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Multielement methods (e.g., inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy) obviously have some advantages. Moreover, elec-troanalytical methods, ion-selective electrodes, and neutron activation analysis can also be applied. Spectroscopic methods can also be combined with mass spectrometry. 

Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 17th edn. Rev 1, AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, Official Method 984.27. Calcium, Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, and Zinc in Infant Formula - Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopic Method (2002)... 

An inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) is an effective spectroscopic excitation source, which in combination with atomic emission spectrometry (AES) is important in inorganic elemental analysis. ICP was also considered as an ion source for MS. An ICP-MS system is a special type of atmospheric-pressure ion source, where the liquid is nebulized into an atmospheric-pressure spray chamber. The larger droplets are separated from the smaller droplets and drained to waste. The aerosol of small droplets is transported by means of argon to the torch, where the ICP is generated and sustained. The analytes are atomized, and ionization of the elements takes place. Ions are sampled through an orifice into an atmospheric-pressure-vacuum interface, similar to an atmospheric-pressure ionization system for LC-MS. LC-ICP-MS is extensively reviewed, e.g., [12]. 

The very low concentrations expected in the analysis of trace elements in offshore and coastal Antarctic sea water can be also detected thanks to the high detection power of spectroscopic techniques such as Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ETA-AAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) or ICP-MS. However, the saline matrix which constitutes the ideal medium in which to perform electrochemical measurements poses severe problems to the direct analysis of sea water because of possible signal suppression and/or undesired matrix effects. 

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