Inductively coupled plasma atomic spectroscop

Owing to their superior fluorescent yield, heavy elements ordinarily yield considerably more intense XRF bands than the light elements. This feature can be exploited to determine the concentration of inorganic species in a sample, or the concentration of a compound that contains a heavy element in some matrix. Many potential XRF applications have never been developed owing to the rise of atomic spectroscopic methods, particularly inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry [74]. Nevertheless, under the right set of circumstances, XRF analysis can be profitably employed. 

In reference 190, the authors describe the spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic techniques they used to determine the pMMO structure. First, EPR and EX AFS experiments indicated a mononuclear, type 2 Cu(II) center hgated by histidine residues and a copper-containing cluster characterized by a 2.57 A Cu-Cu interaction. A functional iron center was also indicated by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). ICP-AES uses inductively coupled plasma to produce excited atoms that emit electromagnetic radiation at a wavelength characteristic of a particular element. The intensity of this emission is indicative of the concentration of the element (iron in this case) within the sample. 

R. Fobinski, J. A. C. Broekaert, P. Tschoepel and G. Toelg, Inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopic determination of trace... 

GFAAS = graphite furnace (flameless) atomic absorption spectroscopy TLC = thin layer chromatography HFP-AES = high frequency plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy NAA = neutron atomic analysis ICP-AES = inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy AAS = atomic absorption spectrometry GSE = graphite spectroscopic electrode UV = ultraviolet spectrophotometry PD = photodensitometer and (3,5-diBr-PADAP) = 2(-3,-5-dibromo-2-pyridylazo)-5- diethyl-ami nophenol. 

Metals contained in samples are determined by a wide variety of analytical methods. Bulk metals, such as copper in brass or iron in steel, can be analyzed readily by chemical methods such as gravimetry or electrochemistry. However, many metal determinations are for smaller, or trace, quantities. These are determined by various spectroscopic or chromatographic methods, such as atomic absorbance spectrometry using flame (FAAS) or graphite furnace (GFAAS) atomization, atomic emission spectrometry (AES), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), and ion chromatography (IC). 

Many metal analyses are carried out using atomic spectroscopic methods such as flame or graphite furnace atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). These methods commonly require the sample to be presented as a dilute aqueous solution, usually in acid. ICP-mass spectrometry requires similar preparation. Other samples may be analyzed in solid form. For x-ray fluorescence, the solid sample may require dilution with a solid buffer material to produce less variation between samples and standards, reducing matrix effects. A solid sample is also preferred for neutron activation analyses and may be obtained from dilute aqueous samples by precipitation methods. 

The very low concentrations expected in the analysis of trace elements in offshore and coastal Antarctic sea water can be also detected thanks to the high detection power of spectroscopic techniques such as Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ETA-AAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) or ICP-MS. However, the saline matrix which constitutes the ideal medium in which to perform electrochemical measurements poses severe problems to the direct analysis of sea water because of possible signal suppression and/or undesired matrix effects. 

Chromium speciation by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography with both inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopic and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A712 311-320. 

K. E. LaFreniere, Evaluation of a Direct Injection Nebulizer Interface for Flow Injection Analysis and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopic Detection. Diss. Abstr. Int. B, 47(4) (1986) 1519. 

Electrothermal atomic absorption represents a suitable instrumental technique for the analysis of elements in petroleum products [1-5]. The technique shows very low detection limits, similar to or even better than those found for other spectroscopic techniques, such as Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) [6] and ICP-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) [7-12]. Some problems were evidenced in the use of ETAAS when elements like Ni [3] and Pb [13] are analyzed, due to the different behavior of organo-metallic species during the thermal treatment of standards and samples. 

Elemental analyses, involving an impressive array of nondestructive spectroscopic methods or decomposition of the material and analyses by AAS (atomic absorption spectrometry) or ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry), form a very important complement to mineralogical analyses as outlined by Boyle (this volume), Korsman et al. (this volume), Amonette Sanders (1994), Sawhney Stilwell (1994), Hawthorne (1988), Fairchild et al. (1988), and Stone (1982). However, these elemental techniques are not intended to provide a qualitative or quantitative assessment of the mineralogy of a deposit. 

Several spectroscopic methods have been used to monitor the levels of heavy metals in man, fossil fuels and environment. They include flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), graphite furnace atomic absorption sp>ectrometry (GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission sp>ectroscopy (ICP/AES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS), x-ray fluorescence sp>ectroscopy (XRFS), isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS), electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) e.t.c. Also other spectroscopic methods have been used for analysis of the quality composition of the alternative fuels such as biodiesel. These include Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) e.t.c. 

The most popular instrumental methods available for cation analysis are r id and sensitive spectroscopic methods like AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy), ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy), and ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry), as well as electrochemical methods such as polarography and anodic stripping voltammetry. 

The earliest methods for tin analysis, namely, gravimetric and titrimetric methods, are now mainly of historical interest. Being essentially macro methods, laborious in application, they are limited and mainly useful for levels of tin in food in the 50-100 ppm range or above. The use of colorimetric analysis is associated with problems of specificity, sensitivity, and stability of the tin complexes formed. Nowadays, methods for tin analysis in biological media include the various atomic spectroscopic techniques (atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry) as well as electrochemical and neutron activation procedures. 

Atomic spectroscopy. Atomic spectroscopic methods includes atmoci absorption (AA), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission (ICP-AES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). These methods are based on emission and absorption of electromagnetic radiation by atoms and provide information about levels of different elements in the sample (except some light elements such as H, C, N, O, etc.)... 

Analytical methods of atomic spectroscopy have been used in forestry and wood product research since their earliest development. Nowadays, almost all of the spectroscopic techniques available are employed in the analysis of metals and trace elements in diverse samples of industrial and environmental origin. The techniques that find most regular application include flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (F-AAS), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and, occasionally, also direct current plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (DCP-AES). In many applications F-AAS is a sufficiently sensitive and precise technique however, in the analysis of some environmental samples for trace elements (forest soils, plant material and water) where concentrations may be very low (of the order of 100 ng mL" ) the greater sensitivity of GF-AAS and ICP/DCP-AES is required. In considering the applications of atomic spectroscopy to forestry and... 

Maestre S., Mora J. and Todou J. L. (2002) Studies about the origin of the non-spectroscopic interferences caused by sodium and calcium in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Influence of the spray chamber design, Spectrochim. Acta,... 

Extractions were carried out in 50 ml Nalgene centrifuge tubes with sealable watertight caps. Laboratory vessels were rinsed in dilute nitric acid and distilled water before each use. Analysis of solutions was carried out using a ARL MAXIM simultaneous measurement Induction Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscope. 

For PSM processes that involve introduction or exchange of metal centers, a range of spectroscopic techniques have been used to provide evidence of the metal centers and their environments. These include atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and extended X-ray fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. ... 

Byrdy, F. A., Olson, L. K., Vela, N. R, and Caruso, J. A. (1995) Chromium speciation by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography by both inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopic and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. J. Chromatogr. A, 712, 311-20. 

An inductively coupled plasma formed by passing argon through a quartz torch is widely used for the mass spectroscopic analysis of metal compounds separated by online HPLC.6 Samples are nebulized on introduction into the interface. Plasma impact evaporates solvent, and atomizes and ionizes the analyte. Applications include separation of organoarsenic compounds on ion-pairing F4PLC and vanadium species on cation exchange. 

Of particular concern in this analysis is sodium because it destroys soil structure, is associated with increased soil pH, and can be toxic to plants. Sodium can easily be determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), flame ionization spectroscopy (FIS), and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) methods. Soil structure is discussed in Chapter 2 and the various spectroscopic methods discussed in Chapter 14. 

Fluctuations in the coupling of radio frequency energy occur in inductively coupled plasmas. Which atomic spectroscopic technique will be more affected by these fluctuations Explain your answer. 

Besides flame AA and graphite furnace AA, there is a third atomic spectroscopic technique that enjoys widespread use. It is called inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Unlike flame AA and graphite furnace AA, the ICP technique measures the emissions from an atomization/ionization/excitation source rather than the absorption of a light beam passing through an atomizer. 

Atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma spectrometers are metal-selective spectrometers used for organic metal analysis. The connection of these spectroscopic instruments to a liquid chromatograph is relatively simple. Chromatograms of alkylmercury3 and aminoplatinum analytes4 are shown in Figures 2.8 and 2.9, respectively. 

Other approaches have been taken for on-line analysis of individual aerosol particles as well. Laser spark spectroscopy (33) vaporizes individual particles in the breakdown plasma created by a pulsed laser. Atomic emission spectra can then be used to deduce the elemental composition of the particle that was vaporized. The timing of the laser pulse is critical because the particle must be caught in the focal volume of the pulsed laser, so a second laser is used to detect the particle and trigger the pulsed laser. To date the technique has been applied to large particles, that is, coal particles on the order of 60 to 70 xm in diameter in combustion studies. The use of inductively coupled plasma would eliminate the complex triggering and might allow on-line analysis of smaller particles spectroscopically. 

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