Individual aerosol particles

Ganor, E., Z. Levin, and R. Van Griekens, Composition of Individual Aerosol Particles above the Israelian Mediterranean Coast during the Summer Time, Atmos. Environ., 32, 1631-1642 (1998). 

Johnston, M. V and A. S. Wexler, MS of Individual Aerosol Particles, Anal. Chem., 67, 721A-726A (1995). 

Prather, K. A., T. Nordmeyer, and K. Salt, Real-Time Characterization of Individual Aerosol Particles Using Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 66, 1403-1407 (1994). 

Sinha, M. P and S. K. Friedlander, Real-Time Measurement of Sodium Chloride in Individual Aerosol Particles by Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 57, 1880-1883 (1985). 

Wood, S. H and K. A. Prather, Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Methods for Real Time Analysis of Individual Aerosol Particles, Trends Anal. Chem., 17, 346-356 (1998). 

Pinnick R. G., J. M. Rosen, and D. J. Hoffmann, 1973. Measured light-scattering properties of individual aerosol particles compared to Mie scattering theory, Appl. Opt., 12, 37-41. 

Other approaches have been taken for on-line analysis of individual aerosol particles as well. Laser spark spectroscopy (33) vaporizes individual particles in the breakdown plasma created by a pulsed laser. Atomic emission spectra can then be used to deduce the elemental composition of the particle that was vaporized. The timing of the laser pulse is critical because the particle must be caught in the focal volume of the pulsed laser, so a second laser is used to detect the particle and trigger the pulsed laser. To date the technique has been applied to large particles, that is, coal particles on the order of 60 to 70 xm in diameter in combustion studies. The use of inductively coupled plasma would eliminate the complex triggering and might allow on-line analysis of smaller particles spectroscopically. 

Allen J, Gould RK (1981) Mass-spectrometric analyzer for individual aerosol-particles. Rev Sci Instrum 52(6) 804—809... 

For many purposes it is important to know the actual chemical species, and determining specia-tion from bulk compositions is a formidable challenge, especially when the aerosol contains particles of different composition, as invariably occurs in ambient air. At best, bulk analysis yields accurate information on the actual species present only for major particle types having simple compositions. Consequently, there has been an increasing interest in the analysis of individual aerosol particles. However, the attendant problems in such analyses are formidable because of the small sizes and, in many cases, the chemical complexity of individual particles. 

Debock L. A., Vanmalderen H., and Vangrieken R. E. (1994) Individual aerosol-particle composition variations in air... 

Li J., Posfai M., Hobbs P. V., and Buseck P. R. (2003) Individual aerosol particles from biomass burning in southern Africa 2. Composition and aging of inorganic particles. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 8484, doi 10.1029/2002JD002310. 

Individual aerosol particles from biomass burning in southern Africa 1. Compositions and size distributions of... 

The concept of air as a colloid and the term aerosol for air containing an assembly of suspended particles were originally introduced by Schmauss and Wigand (1929). Colloids are inherently stable because fine particles are subject to Brownian motion and resist settling by sedimentation. The individual aerosol particles may be solid, liquid, or of a mixed variety, and all types are found in the atmosphere. Solid particles in the air are called dust. They are primarily formed by the erosion of minerals at the earth surface and enter the atmosphere by wind force. Sea spray from the ocean surface provides a prolific source of liquid droplets, which upon evaporation produce sea-salt crystals or a concentrated aqueous solution thereof. Solid and liquid particles also arise from the condensation of vapors when the vapor pressure exceeds the saturation point. For example, smoke from the open and often incomplete combustion of wood or agricultural refuse arises at least in part from the condensation of organic vapors. 

Bloch P, Adams E, Van Landuyt J and Van Goe-THEM L (1980) Morphological and chemical characterization of individual aerosol particles in the atmosphere. In Versino B, ed. Proceedings Symposium Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants. EUR 6621, ECSC-EEC-EAEC, Brussels, Luxembourg. 

Hoflich BL, Wentzel M, Oetnee HM, Wein-BEUCH S, Skogstad A, Hetland S, Thomassen Y, Chaschin VP and Nieeboee E (2000) Chemical composition of individual aerosol particles from... 

Pellizzari ED, Clayton CA, Rodes CE, Mason RE, Piper LL, Fort B, Pfeifer G, Lynam D (1999) Particulate matter and manganese exposures in Toronto. Canada Atmos Environ 33 721-734 Pfeifer GD, Harrison RM, Lynam DR (1999) Personal exposures to airborne metals in London taxi drivers and office workers in 1995 and 1996. Sci Total Environ 235 253-260 Ro C-U, Osan J, Van Grieken R (1999) Determination of low-Z elements in individual environmental particles using windowless EPMA. Anal Chem 71 1521-1528 Ro C-U, Osan J, Szaloki I, Van Grieken R (2000) Determination of chemical species in individual aerosol particles using ultra-thin window EPMA. Environ Sci Technol 34 3023-3030... 

Anderson JR, Aggett FJ, Buseck PR, et al. 1988. Chemistry of individual aerosol particles from Chandler, Arizona, an arid urban environment. Environmental Science and Technology 22 811-818. 

The aerosol mass spectrometer described above is capable of analyzing particles of nonbiological origin. When used for analysis of CWAs, the BAMS instrument is named single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). Using this instrument design, Martin and coworkers reported the successful detection of hquid nerve agent simulants from individual aerosol particles [55]. 

Identification of Individual Aerosol Particles Containing Cr, Pb, and Zn Above the North Sea. 

Wyatt PJ, PhUhps DT. New instrument for the study of individual aerosol particles. J Colloid Interface Sci 1972 39 125-135. 

Prather, K. A. Nordmeyer, T Salt, K. Real-time characterization of individual aerosol-particles using time-of-flight mass-spectrometry. Anal Chem. 1994, 66, 1403-1407. 

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