Ionization of atoms

Wannier G H 1953 The threshold law for single Ionization of atoms or Ions by eleotrons Phys. Rev. 90 817-25... 

To resolve the problem applying methods of collimated atom beams, equilibrium vapour as well as radioactive isotopes, the Hall effect and measurement of conductivity in thin layers of semiconductor-adsorbents using adsorption of atoms of silver and sodium as an example the relationship between the number of Ag-atoms adsorbed on a film of zinc oxide and the increase in concentration of current carriers in the film caused by a partial ionization of atoms in adsorbed layer were examined. 

Peterkop, R. K. Theory of Ionization of Atoms by Electron Impact, Boulder, Colorado, Colorado Associated University Press Boulder, CO, 1977. 

Perturbation theory was applied to the ionization of atoms accompanying alpha and beta decay soon after the advent of quantum theory (Migdal, 1941). Migdal concluded that the probability for... 

Migdal, A., Ionization of Atoms Accompanying Alpha and Beta Decay, J. of Phvs. IV 449-453 (1941). 

It has been observed that the ionization of atoms or molecules is comparatively very small in magnitude in combustion mixtures which essentially involve air as the oxidant and, therefore, may be ignored and neglected. Consequently, the substitution of air with either oxygen or nitrous oxide, however, gives rise to... 

The ionization of atoms or molecules results in a potential being developed by such an electrode, the intensity of the potential being related to the concentration of the ions. The effective concentration of the ions (known as the activity of the ions) is more significant than the molar concentration. The values for activity and concentration are only the same in very dilute solutions. 

Figure 1. Principles of plasma interaction with material. The Ar ions hit polymer surface and create a collision cascade in the surface layer by which a number of atoms are set in movement. As a result ionization of atoms and molecular bond cleavage take place and some of liberated atoms are ejected (sputtering process) [6].

Kim and Rudd [39] have provided an excellent review of the theoretical techniques used to describe ionization of atoms and molecules by fast electrons and that have been... 

Ionization of atoms or molecules is the main primary event induced by the interaction of radiations with condensed matter. The charged species produced by ionization, if not removed from the irradiated system, will naturally tend to recombine. The conventional theories of recombination treat the transport and reactions of charged species only after the electrons ejected from atoms or molecules become thermalized by dissipating their initially high kinetic energies to the surrounding medium and form a spatial distribution around their parent cations. The thermalization in condensed phases is fast and is usually... 

Fig. 2.8 (a) Photon-stimulated field ionization above a metal surface can occur by electronic excitation of the atom to an excited state. This process is essentially field ionization of atoms in their excited states. But the ion formed in this process will be quickly reneutralized by an electron from the metal before it can escape from the surface. 

Figure 2.1 Different processes in an ion source evaporation of solid samples, desolvation of liquids, atomization of gaseous compounds and ionization of atoms.

Here, v is the velocity corresponding to the Fermi energy. One can see that cold emission has certain similarities with the ionization of atoms by the external electric field (see Sect. 2.1). 

All accelerators operate by the manipulation of charged ions in vacuum. Such particles do not exist naturally and must be produced in ion sources. Positive ions of all chemical elements can be produced, in principle, by ionization of atoms already in the vapor phase. The difficulty of producing an ion depends dramatically on the chemical species. A few elements have a exothermic electron affinity and can be produced as singly charged negative ions. As a result only a few accelerators utilize negative ions. Here we will consider three classes of ion sources that can produce positively charged ions. 

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