Combustion studies

Gross L P, Trump D D, MacDonald B G and Switzer G L 1983 10-Hz coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy apparatus for turbulent combustion studies Rev. Sc/. Instrum. 54 563-71... 

W. R. Seeker, W. S. Lanier, and M. P. Heap, Municipal Waste Combustion Study Combustion Control of MSW Combustors to Minimi Emissions of Trace Organics, EER Corporation, Irvine, Calif., 1987. 

FIG. 25-64 Diagram of a modern mass-burn facility. (From Municipal Waste Combustion Study Repott to Congress, June 1982, PBS7-206074.)... 

PicArsn FRL Res Engr Lgbk 761-146 (1973) 56) S.I. Morrow, Microscopical Combustion Studies of Nitrocellulose Thin Films in Pres surized Capillary Tubes , Microscope 22, 229— 241 (1973) 57) Anon, Element Analysis of... 

With these goals in mind, several investigators have undertaken to set down quantitative expressions which will predict propellant burning rates in terms of the chemical and physical properties of the individual propellant constituents and the characteristics of the ingredient interactions. As in the case of ignition, the basic approach taken in these studies must consider the different types of propellants currently in use and must make allowances for their differences. In the initial combustion studies, the effort was primarily concerned with the development of combustion models for double-base propellants. With the advent of the heterogeneous composite propellants, these studies were redirected to the consideration of the additional mixing effects. 

In view of the growing interest in combustion studies of higher hydrocarbons, various experiments have been conducted with counterflow twin-flame configuration... 

Chemical analysis is an indispensable servant of modern technology whilst it partly depends on that modem technology for its operation. The two have in fact developed hand in hand. From the earliest days of quantitative chemistry in the latter part of the eighteenth century, chemical analysis has provided an important basis for chemical development. For example, the combustion studies of La Voisier and the atomic theory proposed by Dalton had their bases in quantitative analytical evidence. The transistor... 

For premixed fuel-air systems, results are reported in various terms that can be related to a critical equivalence ratio at which the onset of some yellow flame luminosity is observed. Premixed combustion studies have been performed primarily with Bunsen-type flames [52, 53], flat flames [54], and stirred reactors [55, 56], The earliest work [57, 58] on diffusion flames dealt mainly with axisymmetric coflow (coannular) systems in which the smoke height or the volumetric or mass flow rate of the fuel at this height was used as the correlating parameter. The smoke height is considered to be a measure of the fuel s particulate formation and growth rates but is controlled by the soot particle bumup. The specific references to this early work and that mentioned in subsequent paragraphs can be found in Ref. [50],... 

The first indications of surface oxide formation were obtained in the course of combustion studies. Bonnetain et al. (141) and Bonnetain (142) studied the kinetics of the graphite-oxygen reaction and concluded that oxygen was intermediately bonded to the periphery of the carbon layers. 

The results of this study have been published [37]. Evaluation samples of several candidate energetic hydrocarbon fuel systems have been sent to Prof. Segal for his combustion studies (see Scheme 14). More recently. Prof. Segal and his co-workers have studied rheological properties and burning rates of a mixture of isomeric methylated PCU alkene dimers (2b). A stable 18% w/w solution of 2b in JP-10 was achieved. More concentrated solutions (up to 25% w/w) were unstable and produced sediments after standing for ca. 2 weeks under ambient conditions. An 18% w/w solution of 2b in JP-10 increased the kinematic viscosity of JP-10 by 1.3 centistokes at 30 °C and by 0.65 centistokes at 70 °C, thereby effectively matching the viscosity of RJ-4. 

The combustion characteristics of mixtures of PCU alkene dimers as solid fuels in compressible flows have been studied by Prof. Corin Segal and his coworkers at the University of Florida. The results of his combustion studies demonstrate that fuels formed by the addition of mixtures of methylated PCU alkene dimers (18% w/w solutions) to JP-10 have a significant accelerated burning rate relative to that of pure JP-10. In addition, a new candidate hydrocarbon fuel, i.e., compound 5, was found by Prof. Segal to burn rapidly (i.e., 2.9 mm /s) and to release a relatively large quantity of heat during combustion. 

Law, C. K. 1993. Combustion studies of energetic hquid materials. 6th ONR Propulsion Meeting Proceedings. University of Colorado at Boulder. 25-29. 

Friedman, R., and A. Macek. 1962. Combustion studies of single aluminum particles. 9th Symposium (International) on Combustion Proceedings. Pittsburgh, PA The Combustion Institute. 703. 

The cold flow visualization shows the effects of active air forcing and liquid-fuel pulsations. Higher air flow rates, three times higher than those used in the combustion studies, were used for flow visualization. At the higher flow rates, the structures would be imaged more distinctly. The images captured show the... 

Instrumental methods have become more sophisticated to face these challenges. In particular, Westmoreland and Cool have developed a flame-sampling mass spectrometer that has provided several revelations in terms of relevant molecular intermediates in combustion. " Their setup couples a laminar flat-flame burner to a mass spectrometer. This burner can be moved along the axis of the molecular beam to obtain spatial and temporal profiles of common flame intermediates. By using a highly tunable synchrotron radiation source, isomeric information on selected mass peaks can be obtained. This experiment represents a huge step forward in the utility of MS in combustion studies lack of isomer characterization had previously prevented a full accounting of the reaction species and pathways. 

Computational and experimental methods clearly benefit from a symbiotic relationship in combustion studies. Theoretical calculations can propose important pathways to yield empirically observed intermediates by providing reaction energies and rate coefficients of elementary reactions, thereby guiding experiments. Moreover, theoretical calculations can potentially fill some gaps caused by limitations in experimental approaches the vast majority of analytical techniques fail to distinguish between structural isomers and to identify short-lived intermediate species, both of which are important objectives in delineating overall combustion behavior. Finally, modeling can identify species to look for experimentally. 

Early Supersonic Combustion Studies at NACA and NASA , HthSympCombstn (1967)> pp 729-37 21) F.S. Billig, "Design of... 

Fundamental combustion studies on liquid fuel rocket components have been a favorite subject for experimental and theoretical combustion research for some years (11). Among representative problems that have been studied extensively are the following ... 

RX.Schalia al, "Combustion Studies of Alkyl silanes," paper reported in the 5th Symp on Combust, ft einhold NY( IQ 55),TO 5 10(7 refs)... 

Table VI shows the analysis of the coals used in the combustion studies for mercury. P-3 is a Tebo and Weir seam mixture from Henry County, Missouri while DRB-E and MR are both Pittsburgh seam coals originating in Washington County, Pennsylvania. Table VII presents the results obtained with the 100-gram-per-hour combustor, and Table VIII presents the results obtained with the 500-pound-per-hour combustor.

Table XVI shows the lead and cadmium content of one of the Pittsburgh seam coals used in the coal combustion study, and Table XVII shows the results obtained when the coal was combusted in the two experimental furnaces. Compared with mercury, a greater amount of both the cadmium and the lead were retained by the ash in both combustors.

For CO, reforming of methane. KIT-1 performed better than Al20, or La,0 as support. Ni/KIT-1 co-impregnated with 3 wt% Ca lasted 20 h without deactivation, and CO, and methane conversions close to the thermodynamic equilibrium were obtained. According to TG/DTA. coke formed during a given reaction increased in the order of Ni/Ca/KIT-1 < Ni/K1T-1 < Ni/Al,0, < ICI 46-1. Methane combustion study showed the activity pattern of Pd/KIT-1 > Pd/MCM-41. Pd/HMS > Pd/Al,0, > Pd/SiO,. MIBK combustion experiment demonstrated that catalyst ignition temperature can be lowered by ca. 30-35 °C when Pt was supported on KIT-1. MCM-41. MCM-48 and HMS produced similar results. 

Other approaches have been taken for on-line analysis of individual aerosol particles as well. Laser spark spectroscopy (33) vaporizes individual particles in the breakdown plasma created by a pulsed laser. Atomic emission spectra can then be used to deduce the elemental composition of the particle that was vaporized. The timing of the laser pulse is critical because the particle must be caught in the focal volume of the pulsed laser, so a second laser is used to detect the particle and trigger the pulsed laser. To date the technique has been applied to large particles, that is, coal particles on the order of 60 to 70 xm in diameter in combustion studies. The use of inductively coupled plasma would eliminate the complex triggering and might allow on-line analysis of smaller particles spectroscopically. 

Those specializing in combustion studies have taken steps to co-ordinate their work and to provide a special literature. This has been done by setting up organizations designed to aid communication among the disciplines active in combustion research ... 

Experimental methods presented in the literature may prove of value in combustion studies of both solid and liquid suspensions. Such suspensions include the common liquid spray. Uniform droplets can be produced by aerosol generators, spinning disks, vibrating capillary tubes, and other techniques. Mechanical, physicochemical, optical, and electrical means are available for determination of droplet size and distribution. The size distribution, aggregation, and electrical properties of suspended particles are discussed as well as their flow and metering characteristics. The study of continuous fuel sprays includes both analytical and experimental procedures. Rayleigh s work on liquid jet breakup is reviewed and its subsequent verification and limitations are shown. 

The importance of hydrogen-containing species in knock reactions is strikingly shown in knocking combustion studies of carbon monoxide by Anzilotti and Tomsic (6). The presence of 1.4 mole % of water markedly lowered the knock resistance of nearly anhydrous carbon monoxide. Other studies show that water enters into the combustion reactions of carbon monoxide and contributes hydrogen to the intermediate combustion products 125). 

Gregory, C. A., Jr., Calcote, H. F., Combustion Studies of Droplet-Vapor Systems, ... 

Combustion of RDX was mainly studied by the Russians and is associated with the names of Belyaev and Andreev. There are also a number of important Russian investigations of DDT, although recently some definitive studies have been made at NOL and in France A. Combustion Studies. 

Rastogi and Bisht (Ref 3a) made combustion studies on hybrid propints consisting of o-s m-and p-toluidine nitTates with aniline-formaldehyde polymer as solid fuels, and red fuming nitric acid as oxidizer. They found that the results fitted a burning rate equation of the type, = a (G)v, where a and v are constants and G is the mass velocity. The authors conclude that the heterogeneous combustion reaction is diffusion controlled, and its rate is dependent on particle size... 

Kozo Saito has a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from Seikei University in Tokyo and is currently professor of mechanical engineering in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Kentucky. Dr. Saito s expertise and experience are in experimental combustion studies, thermal sensing and control, and lean manufacturing and control. He is a member of the Combustion Institute, the American Society for Engineering Education, and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency Response. Municipal Waste Combustion Study Report to Congress. EPA/530-SW-87-021. June 1987. 

Fig. 21. The enthalpy of formation of the lanthanide trilluorides as a function of the atomic number, o and indicate the experimental results from fluorine combustion studies at ANL and Kyoto University, respectively the broken curve shows the estimated values using the Bom-Lande equation (Kim and lohnson, 1981) the solid curve shows...

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