Decreased risk

In 1983 the move to develop red cell substitutes intensified when it was recognized that the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) could be transmitted by the blood-bome human immunodeficiency vims (HIV). Concern for the nation s blood supply followed. Since that time other retrovimses have been identified, efforts to screen blood not only for these agents but also for vimses that cause hepatitis have intensified, the indications for transfusion have been reevaluated, and the use of blood products has become much more efficient. More carehil screening of donors, testing of all donated units, and a general awareness in the donor population have all contributed to a decreased risk from transfusion-contracted AIDS. 

Risk sensitivity results are also very useful in identifying key elements in your existing loss prevention program. For example, suppose your fire protection system was assumed to have a very low probability of failure because you test it weekly. Fire protection failures may not show up as an important contributor to your total risk (because failure is so unlikely), but your total risk estimate may be extremely sensitive to any change in the probability of fire protection failures. Flence you should not divert resources away from testing the fire protection system unless the alternate use of funds will decrease risk more than the reduced testing will increase risk. 

Ullum, H., Lepri, A. C., Victor, J., Aladdin, H., Phillips, A. N., Gerstoft, J., Skinhoj, P., and Pedersen, B. K. (1998). Production of beta-chemokines in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection Evidence that high levels of macrophage in inflammatory protein-1-beta are asociated with a decreased risk of HIV progression. J. Infect. Dis. 177 331-336. 

ECE isoforms are also involved in the degradation of A 3 peptide. A genetic variant of ECE-1 with an increased transcriptional activity is associated with a decreased risk for AD. Thus, the inhibition of ECE in the CNS may increase the risk for the development of Alzheimer s disease (AD). 

Direct Fibrinolytics Alfimeprase is a recombinant tmncated form of fibrolase, a fibrinolytic zinc metalloproteinase isolated from the venom of the Southern copperhead snake. It degrades fibrin directly and achieves thrombolysis independent of plasmin formation. This may result in faster recanalization and a decreased risk of hemorrhagic conversion. The initial data on the safety and efficacy of alfimeprase in peripheral arterial occlusion disease appeared very promising, but recent communication from the sponsor revealed that the phase III trials of the drug in peripheral arterial disease and catheter obstruction (NAPA-2 and SONOMA-2) failed to meet their primary and key secondary endpoints of revascularization. A trial for I AT in acute stroke (CARNEROS-1) is planned to begin soon. 

Decrease risk by lowering Sinemet dose when adding other PD medications... 

Oral contraceptive use and high ingestion of vitamin D and tea are associated with a decreased risk of RA.7... 

The risk factors for dry eye are listed in Table 60-8. Of interest, the use of caffeine is associated with a decreased risk of dry eye. Dry eye that is left untreated can cause loss of vision or other morbidities over time.30... 

The performance status of the patient represents an important aspect of chemotherapy treatment decisions. Patients with a performance status of 0 to 1 maybe treated with chemotherapy. Patients with a performance status of 2 maybe treated with less aggressive regimens that have a decreased risk of major toxici-ties, whereas performance status 3 and 4 patients should be treated with supportive care only. 

CAG repeat length. Shorter CAG repeat sequences have been found in African Americans. Therefore, the combination of increased testosterone and increased androgen receptor activation may account for the increased risk of prostate cancer for African-American men.2 The Asian diet generally is considered to be low in fat and high in fiber with a high concentration of phytoestrogens, potentially explaining the decreased risk in Asians.4... 

Ovarian cancer is associated with certain dietary and environmental factors as well. A diet that is high in galactose and animal fat and meat increases the risk of ovarian cancer, whereas a vegetable-rich diet is suggested to decrease risk.4,8 Although controversial, exogenous factors such as asbestos and talcum powder use on the perineal area also have been suggested to increase the risk of ovarian cancer.4,8... 

Advantages Simplified regimen for patient Increased patient compliance at home Decreased labor Decreased costs Decreased risk of contamination (due to less manipulation) Minimize infusion-related reactions from intravenous lipid emulsions Decreased vein irritation (especially with PPN) Improved stability compared to TNA Increased number of compatible medications Decreased bacterial growth compared to TNA Easier visual inspection Can use 0.22-micron bacterial retention filter Cost savings if unused (i.e. not spiked) intravenous lipid emulsion can be reused... 

These two rules help predict the effect of air exhaust and supply on the transport of radon and moisture and whether or not to expect increased or decreased risk of condensation. 

Carotenoids are a class of lipophilic compounds with a polyisoprenoid structure. Most carotenoids contain a series of conjugated double bonds, which are sensitive to oxidative modification and cis-trans isomerization. There are six major carotenoids (ji-carotenc, a-carotene, lycopene, P-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin) that can be routinely found in human plasma and tissues. Among them, p-carotene has been the most extensively studied. More recently, lycopene has attracted considerable attention due to its association with a decreased risk of certain chronic diseases, including cancers. Considerable efforts have been expended in order to identify its biological and physiochemical properties. Relative to P-carotene, lycopene has the same molecular mass and chemical formula, yet lycopene is an open-polyene chain lacking the P-ionone ring structure. While the metabolism of P-carotene has been extensively studied, the metabolism of lycopene remains poorly understood. 

Extensive research in the last few years has revealed that the regular consumption of certain fruits containing carotenoids, an important group of phytochemicals derived from such fruits and vegetables, is involved in cancer prevention. Both prospective and retrospective epidemiological studies have consistently and clearly shown that an increased intake of fruits and vegetables rich in carotenoids is associated with a decreased risk of cancer (Mayne, 1996 Peto... 

Altshuler D, Hirschhorn JN, Klanne-mark M, Lindgren CM, Vohl MC, Nemesh J et al. The common PPARy Prol2Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. Nature Genet 2000 26 76-80. 

Diarrhea is a well-known complication of antibiotic therapy. Rates of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) vary from 5 to 25%. Some antibiotics are more likely to cause diarrhea than others, specifically, those that are broad spectrum and those that target anaerobic flora. This paper reviews the effects of antibiotics on the fecal flora as well as host factors which contribute to AAD. Clinical features and treatment of AAD are also described. Prevention of AAD rests on wise antibiotic policies, the use of probiotics and prevention of acquisition in the hospital setting. Data from clinical trials suggest that poorly absorbed antimicrobials might have a decreased risk of causing AAD and Clostridium difficile-associated disease, as concluded from studies of antibiotics used for preoperative bowel decontamination and poorly absorbed antibiotics used for traveler s diarrhea. Controlled trials would prove this but are not yet available. Probiotics may be a good adjunct to poorly absorbed antibiotics to minimize the risk of diarrhea associated with antibiotics. 

Usual maintenance dose for atrial fibrillation is 200 mg/day (may further decrease dose to 100 mg/day with long-term use if patient clinically stable in order to decrease risk of toxicity) usual maintenance dose for ventricular arrhythmias is 300-400 mg/day. 

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