Immune deficiency disorders

International Council for Control of Immune Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD), 22 816... 

Until the role of echinacea in immune modulation is better defined, this agent should be avoided in patients with immune deficiency disorders (eg, AIDS, cancer), autoimmune disorders (eg, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis), and patients with tuberculosis. While there are no reported drug interactions for echinacea, some preparations have a high alcohol content and should not be used with medications known to cause a disulfiram-like reaction. In theory, echinacea should also be avoided in persons taking immunosuppressant medications (eg, organ transplant recipients). 

The current status of ongoing immunotherapeutic trials with levamisole in immune deficiency disorders, recurrent or chronic infections, chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer has been reviewed comprehensively. 2 Recent trials indicate that leveunisole provides significant therapeutic benefits in rheumatoid arthritis. 

A. Aldesleukin Aldesleukin is recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2), an endogenous lymphokine that promotes the production of cytotoxic T cells and activates natural killer cells (Table 56-2). Aldesleukin is indicated for the adjunctive treatment of renal cell carcinoma. It is investigational for possible efficacy in restoring immune function in AIDS and other immune deficiency disorders. 

Weakened immune system. (Cancer treatment, an organ tiansplam, HIV, Primary Immune Deficiency disorders, some severe autoimmune disorders and medications to treat autoimmune disorders, and other illnesses can weaken the immune system.)... 

Adenallene and cytallene, two novel acyclic nucleoside derivatives active against human immunodeficiency virus (HTV) in T-cells and monocytes/macrophages ia vitro Further characterization of anti-viral and cytotoxic activity, in "Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Applications of Biologicals in Canco and Immune Deficiency Disorders", Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1989, p. 371. 

Intravenous Immune Globulin (IGIV) IGIV is a product derived from blood plasma from a donor pool similar to the immune globulin (IG) pool, but prepared so it is suitable for intravenous use. IGIV does not transmit infectious diseases. It is primarily used for replacement therapy in primary antibody-deficiency disorders, for the treatment of Kawasaki disease, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, hypogammaglobulinemia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and in some cases of HIV infection. 

CMC), a primary immune deficiency presenting as an inability to clear yeasts, mostly Candida albicans, that consequently persist and recur in infections of the skin, nails and mucous membranes [7]. Most CMC patients also develop accompanying endocrine and inflammatory disorders that suggest an underlying deregulation of the inflammatory and immune responses [7]. 

Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) is a rare inherited disorder in which multiple components of the immune system are affected. About 50% of SCID cases are caused byX-linked recessive mutations in the gene encoding a subunit of a receptor for interleukins 2,4,... 

To summarize, comorbidities on which a manic syndrome can be superimposed include ADHD, ODD, conduct or pervasive developmental disorders, Tour-ette s syndrome, or medical conditions such as brain tumors, multiple sclerosis, temporal lobe seizures, human immune-deficiency syndrome (HIV), and endocri-nopathies such as hyperthyroidism and Cushing s syndrome (James and Javaloyes, 2001). Organic affective syndrome, a condition given separate designation in DSM I-IIIR, is now subsumed under mood disorder due to a general medical condition in DSM IV. Substance induced mood disorder has a similar due to. . . designation. 

Psychiatric disorders caused by a medical condition (e.g., acquired immune deficiency syndrome [AIDS] organic delusional disorders)... 

Tlie first gene therapy took place, on a four-year-old girl with an immune-system disorder called ADA deficiency. The therapy appeared to work, but set off a fury of discussion of ethics both in academia and in the media. 

TS is a multisystem disorder, with characteristic functional and developmental abnormalities in several organ systems including heart, skin, eyes, teeth, immune system and the brain consistent with the ubiquitous expression of the Cav1.2 channel. In a study of seventeen children with TS, it was established that while arrhythmias are the most serious element of the disorder, patients have additional elements including congenital heart disease, dysmorphic facial features, developmental and cognitive delays, immune deficiency, intermittent hypoglycemia and hypothermia and four of the seventeen children studied with TS met the criteria... 

Cataracts and macular degeneration Diabetes mellitus Immune system disorders Neurodegenerative disorders Neuroendocrine disorders Nutritional deficiencies... 

Preparations for intravenous administration are mainly used in patients with general immune deficiency states (primary or secondary) or diseases like idiopathic thrombo-cjhopenic purpura (ITP) and autoimmune diseases (5,6). Neurological disorders (for example Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy) have been treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (7-9). 

In contrast, there have been several isolated reports of methotrexate-induced lymphomas (SEDA-21, 388) (SEDA-22, 417) (115,116). The pathological features in these cases have ranged from benign lymphoid hyperplasia to non-Hodgkin s lymphoma, and more rarely Hodgkin s disease (115), and patients usually had the typical features of lymphoproliferative disorders as found in immunosuppressed patients, that is, transplant patients or patients with congenital or acquired immune deficiency syndromes. Exceptionally, cases of pseudolymphoma have also been reported (SEDA-21, 389). 

The inheritance seems heterogeneous. A few are clearly autosomal dominant (H24, S30). Most are probably autosomal recessive (G14). The relationship to CNS disorders, other immune deficiencies, and chromosome 18 merit further study. Because of the heterogeneity, the definition of IgA deficiency is difficult. Serum IgA <1% MNA is safe, and <10% MNA is acceptable if increased IgA turnover can be excluded. Regional deficiencies of secretory IgA may exist. 

Human blood, given by blood donors, is a source not only of cellular material (red cells, white cells, platelets) but also of blood plasma, which is subjected to protein fractionation to give albumin, anti-hemophilia factors and immunoglobulins. The possibility of transmission of Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD) - prions are not really understood - and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), if sterilization procedures fail, combined with the feasibility of manufacturing proteins by recombinant DNA technology, mean that there is uncertainty about the long-term future of the blood products industry. Indeed, the problems with bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE) and the related fatal human brain disorder, CJD, have led to unease about cattle-derived substances. 

The accepted indications for delayed hypersensitivity skin testing include evaluation of immune disorders or chronic diseases that cause cellular immune dysfunction (e.g., uremia, cancer, AIDS, etc), exposure to infectious pathogens (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis), evaluation of nutritional status (because malnutrition can result in cell-mediated immune deficiency), and in some cases, assessment of immune senescence. 

Significant reductions in lymphocyte concentration (<1000/mm of blood) can be evident without apparent cause or in a variety of diseases, including acute inflammatory disorders, severe uremia, immune deficiency diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic infections such as tuberculosis or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, malignancies, and connective tissue diseases. Lymphocytosis (>4000/mm ) may occur with mononucleosis, pertussis, measles, or chickenpox, and in lymphoid malignancies. A progressive increase in mature lymphocytes may be indicative of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Increased levels of atypical lymphocytes may occur in patients with infections (e.g., mononucleosis, hepatitis, or cytomegalovirus), allergic reactions, or lymphomas." ... 

Medicinal products for human use containing a new active substance which, on the date of entry into force of this Regulation, was not authorized in the Community, for which the therapeutic indication is the treatment of any of the following diseases acquired immune deficiency syndrome, cancer, neurodegen-erative disorder and diabetes (and with effect from 20 May 2008 autoimmune diseases and other immune dysfunctions, and viral diseases). 

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