Acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS

FRACTIONATION,BLOOD - PLASMAFRACTIONATION] (Volll) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)... 

In 1983 the move to develop red cell substitutes intensified when it was recognized that the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) could be transmitted by the blood-bome human immunodeficiency vims (HIV). Concern for the nation s blood supply followed. Since that time other retrovimses have been identified, efforts to screen blood not only for these agents but also for vimses that cause hepatitis have intensified, the indications for transfusion have been reevaluated, and the use of blood products has become much more efficient. More carehil screening of donors, testing of all donated units, and a general awareness in the donor population have all contributed to a decreased risk from transfusion-contracted AIDS. 

There is much concern for the safety of personnel handling articles contaminated with pathogenic viruses such as hepatitis B virus (HB V) and human immunodeficiency vims (HIV) which causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Some agents have been recommended for disinfection of HBV and HIV depending on the circumstances and level of contamination these are hsted in Table 10.4. Disinfectants must be able to treat rapidly and reliably accidental spills of blood, body fluids or secretions from HIV infected patients. Such spills may contain levels of HIV as high as lO" infectious units/ml. Recent evidence Irom the Medical Devices Agency evaluation of disinfectants against HIV indicated that few chemicals could destroy the vims in a... 

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV lymphadenopathy-associated virus, LAV human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 3, HTLV III) is responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS see Chapter 3). Because of the hazard and difficulties of growing the virus outside humans, a different approach has to be examined for determining viral sensitivity to disinfectants. 

Reactions to sulfonamide antibiotics, ranging from mild (most common) to life-threatening (rare), occur in 2% to 4% of healthy patients, with rates as high as 60% in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). 

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized in 1981, and described in a cohort of young homosexual men with significant immune deficiency. Since then, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been clearly identified as the major cause of AIDS.1 HIV-2 is much less prevalent than HIV-1, but also causes AIDS. HIV primarily targets CD4+ lymphocytes, which are critical to proper immune system function. If left untreated, patients experience a prolonged asymptomatic period followed by rapid, progressive immunodeficiency. Therefore, most complications experienced by patients with AIDS involve opportunistic infections and cancers. 

Dauguest, C. Axler-Blin, F. Vezinet-Brun, C. Rouzioux, W. Rozenbaum, and L. Montagnier, Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), Science 220 868 (1983). 

Kalyanaraman, D. Mann, G. D. Sidhu, R. E. Stahl, S. Zolla-Prazner, J. Leibowitch, and M. Popovic, Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), Science 220 865 (1983). 

Amphotericin B is the drug of choice for treatment of acute C. neoformans meningitis. Amphotericin B, 0.5 to 1 mg/kg/day, combined with flucytosine, 100 mg/kg/day, is more effective than amphotericin alone. In the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) population, flucytosine is often poorly tolerated, causing bone marrow suppression and GI distress. 

Probability of progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is related to RNA viral load in one study, 5-year progression rates to AIDS were 8% and 62% for RNA copies per milliliter of less than 4,530 and greater than 36,270, respectively. The mortality rates were 5% and 49%, respectively. 

Humans, plants, insects, and other animals are all susceptible to viral infection therefore, prevention and control of viral disease carry important health and economic implications. The common cold, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and some cancers are carried by viruses. Viral plant diseases are known to impact fruit trees, tobacco, and many vegetables [1]. Both insects and animals have the ability to transfer viral disease to humans and other animals. The health and economic consequences of viral disease carry enormous consequences, and significant advances have been made toward amelioration of antiviral threats. There is a critical need to identify novel drug classes and new chemical structures, which can be exploited for antiviral drug development. 

Viruses are responsible for many human and animal diseases, with a variety of symptoms and levels of severity. Common viral illnesses include colds, influenza, cold-sores (herpes), and childhood infections such as chickenpox, measles, and mumps. More serious conditions include meningitis, poliomyelitis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the latter potentially leading to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). 

The rapid spread of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has prompted numerous efforts to develop therapeutic agents against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) [2351. Efforts have focused on inhibition of the virally encoded reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme, which is responsible for the conversion of retroviral RNA to proviral DNA. The nucleoside RT inhibitors 3 -azidothymidine (AZT) and dideoxyinosine (ddl) have proven to be clinically useful anti HIV-1 agents [236], but due to their lack of selectivity versus other DNA polymerases, these compounds are flawed by their inherent toxi-... 

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was initially described in the USA in 1981, although sporadic cases probably occurred for at least two decades prior to this. By 1983, the causative agent, now termed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), was identified. HIV is a... 

Base-catalyzed nucleophilic attack at the 5-position is rare although it can be an efficient process under appropriate conditions. For example, in the synthesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) drug Nelfinavir , a base-catalyzed thiolysis reaction was used in the final step (Scheme 8.110). The solvent,... 

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become a serious public health problem around the world, and commands much concern in medical and lay circles alike. Its causative agent is a human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HIV) that destroys helper/inducer T cells (discussed in chapter 6) of the immune system and causes mortality by allowing opportunistic infections and malignancies. A compound designed along traditional lines, 3 -azido-3 -deoxythymidine (9.16, AZT), emerged as one of the first useful therapeutics. However, since that time many other drugs have been devised. 

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