Hydrocarbon Solvents Aliphatic and Aromatic

The synthetic isoparaffins are suitable solvents for alkyd and acrylic paint formulations. These virtually odorless solvents and their low surface tensions offer improved flow and wetting properties to the paints. The excellent wetting characteristics of these solvents are desirable in formulations such as furniture polishes, car polishes, and waterless hand cleaners. The low surface tension of these solvents reduces the amount of surfactants needed in emulsified products and affords improved wetting of pigments in ink and coating formulations. The isoparaffins are used as an inert process solvent in the manufacture of polyolefins and certain rubbers. In the slurry polymerization process the isoparaffins afford solvency for the Ziegler-type catalyst and the ethylene monomer, but no solvency for the polyolefin polymer product. 

Other miscellaneous uses for the isoparaffin solvents, dearomatized paraffinic solvents, normal paraffinic fluids, and aromatic blends include pesticide formulation applications, wood preservatives, fat and oil extractions, cosmetic and notion formulations, paper coatings, and textile coatings and printing. Inks, paints varnishes, and lacquers are among the largest uses of the hydrocarbon solvents. 

The physical properties, major application uses, proper handling and environmental concerns for the hydrocarbon solvents are discussed in detail in this chapter. 

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There are two types of hydrocarbon solvents aliphatic and aromatic primarily aromatic blends of the two types are called semiaromatics. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons differ in he way the carbon atoms are connected in the molecule. This characteristic stmctural difference leads to a sharp difference in chemical and toxicological properties. Aromatic hydrocarbons are stronger solvents for coatings film formers they are also more irritating to human beings in both liquid and vapor forms. 

In fact, fluorinated polyphosphazenes are usually considered to be extremely stable towards chemical agents and aggressives due to the presence of C-F bonds in the side phosphorus substituents. PTFEP, for instance, appears to be completely insensitive to several, most common, solvents (aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols and water), to acids (e.g. acetic acid), and to bases (e.g. pyridine and concentrated NaOH solutions), although some decomposition could be observed in triethylamine and in concentrated H2SO4 [41]. Phos-phazene fluoroelastomers, moreover, are known to be completely insoluble in aromatic solvents [533] and petroleum-resistant materials [502-506,552]. 

One particular method is designed to characterize Ce to C28+ petroleum hydrocarbons in soil as a series of aliphatic and aromatic carbon range fractions. The extraction methodology differs from other petroleum hydrocarbon methods because it uses n-pentane, not methylene chloride, as the extraction solvent. If methylene chloride is used as the extraction solvent, aliphatic and aromatic compounds cannot be separated. 

Limited to unsatisfactory in chlorinated solvents, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, dry chlorine, oils, concentrated nitric add, butyl acetate, cyclohexanone, ethers, phenols Food contact Possible for special grades... 

Compared with the pronounced solvent-induced chemical shifts observed with ionic and dipolar solutes, the corresponding shifts of nonpolar solutes such as tetrame-thylsilane are rather small cf. Table 6-6. A careful investigation of chemical shifts of unsubstituted aromatic, as well as alternant and nonalternant, unsaturated hydrocarbons in aliphatic and aromatic non-HBD solvents by Abboud et al. has shown that the differential solvent-induced chemical shift range (relative to benzene as reference) is of the order of only —1.4...+1.0 ppm (positive values representing downfield shifts) [405]. The NMR spectra of these aromatic compounds have been shown to be sensitive to solvent dipolarity and polarizability, except in aromatic solvents, for which an additional specific aromatic solvent-induced shift (ASIS see later) has been found. There is no simple relationship between the solvent-induced chemical shifts and the calculated charge distribution of the aromatic solute molecules. This demonstrates the importance of quadrupoles and higher multipoles in solute/solvent interactions involving aromatic solutes [405]. 

A high chemical resistance is an important prerequisite for the use of a liquid as a solvent. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons are chemically inert and thus satisfy this requirement extremely well. 

CHLOROWAX is miscible with many organic solvents, including aliphatic, aromatic and terpene hydrocarbons chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons hydrogenated naphthas ketones, esters and drying oils. They are insoluble in water, glycerine and glycols. With a few exceptions, the liquid grades are insoluble in the lower alcohols. 

Crude oil is the major raw material source for solvents. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons are produced by physical processes used in petrochemical industry. Other solvents are synthetic but their starting raw materials are usually products of the petrochemical industry. Figure 3.2.1 shows the main groups of materials produced by petrochemical industry from crude oil. 

Solvents are introduced into the paint formulation to dissolve the binder and to provide adequate fluidity of the paint to allow it to be applied. The most important characteristics of solvents are their capacity to dissolve the resins and their volatility, which controls the speed of evaporation. Solvents employed in solvent-based products are hydrocarbons (both aliphatic and aromatic compounds), oxygenated solvents (frequently alcohols, esters, ethers, or ketones), and terpenic solvents in general, mixtures of solvents are used in paint manufacture. 

FORAFLON resists alcohols, chlorinated solvents, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and crude oil. 

The low cohesion energy density of BR is responsible for its solubility in many solvents aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, tetrahydrofuran, ketones, ethers, and esters carrying heavy hydrocarbon groups. The vulcanization causes its insolubility, with the preceding solvents producing a swelling whose intensity depends on the cross-linking density. 

Uses Wetting agent and detergent for industrial applies. emulsifier for min. oils, chlorinated solvents, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons Properties Limpid liq. sol. in xylene, IPA, and min. oil insol. in water dens. 940 kg/ m3 HLB 8.0 hyd. no. 169 Flash pt. > 150 C pH (1% aq.) 6-7 100% cone. Storage Stire un tanks and pkg. made of noncorrosive material Laurydone [Solabia]... 

Polysulfide 150 Excellent resistance to oils, gasoline, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. Very good water resistance, good alkali resistance, fair acid resistance. Poor mechanical properties. 

The silica gel surface is extremely polar and, as a result, must often be deactivated with a polar solvent such as ethyl acetate, propanol or even methanol. The bulk solvent is usually an n-alkane such as n-heptane and the moderators (the name given to the deactivating agents) are usually added at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 5% v/v. Silica gel is very effective for separating polarizable materials such as the aromatic hydrocarbons, nitro hydrocarbons (aliphatic and aromatic), aliphatic ethers, aromatic esters, etc. When separating polarizable substances as opposed to substances with permanent dipoles, mixtures of an aliphatic hydrocarbon with a chlorinated hydrocarbon such as chlorobutane or methylene dichloride are often used as the mobile... 

The range of inclusion adducts formed by the organophosphazenes is very broad, the guest species varying from aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons to ethers, ketones and alcohols42. Some of the hosts [e.g., tris(o-phenylenedioxy)cyclotriphosphazene 12)] form clathrates not only when recrystallized from organic solvents but also... 

Nitriles have good resistance to oil, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and vegetable oils, but are swollen by polar solvents such as ketones. The unsaturated main chain means that protection against oxygen, ozone and UV light is required. 

EPM and EPDM are not oil resistant, and are swollen by aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and halogenated solvents. They have excellent electrical properties and stability to radiation. Their densities are the lowest of the synthetics, and they are capable of accepting large quantities of filler and oil. They exhibit poor tack, and even if tackifiers are added, it still is not ideal for building operations. Adhesion to metal, fabrics and other materials, can be difficult to accomplish. 

Toluidine Red, like P.O.5, is by volume one of the 20 largest organic pigments in the world. It shows insufficient fastness towards solvents in fact, it is partially inferior even to monoazo yellow pigments, which is also true for other members of this class. Its stability to alcohols, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and dibutyl phthalate equals step 3 on the 5 step scale P.R.3 is even less fast to esters and ketones. 

P.R.48 1, the barium salt, is a coloristically versatile product. It affords light yellowish to medium red shades, depending on the specific surface area of the product. Fastness to a number of common organic solvents, such as esters, ketones, and aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, is good. However, P.R.48 1 shows only poor resistance to soap, alkali, and acid. 

P.Y.154, which was introduced in the mid-seventies, affords a somewhat greenish yellow shade of very high lightfastness and weatherfastness. Its shade is distinctly redder than that of P.Y.175 and noticeably redder than that of P.Y.151, both of which are also members of the benzimidazolone series. P.Y.154 is completely or at least almost completely resistant to the major organic solvents. The list includes alcohols, esters, such as butylacetate, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, such as mineral spirits or xylene, and dibutyl phthalate. 

Few analytical methods are available for the determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons in biological samples, but analytical methods for several important hydrocarbon components of total petroleum hydrocarbons may be modified. Most involve solvent extraction and saponification of lipids, followed by separation into aliphatic and aromatic fractions on adsorption columns. Hydrocarbon groups or target compounds are determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization or... 

The chemical resistance is generally inferior to that of comparable polyethylenes and decreases when VA rises. EVAs are attacked by concentrated strong acids, halogens, oxidizing acids, chlorinated solvents, certain oxidants, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, esters, and some others. 

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