Aliphatic—aromatic

The reaction is applicable to the preparation of amines from amides of aliphatic aromatic, aryl-aliphatic and heterocyclic acids. A further example is given in Section IV,170 in connexion with the preparation of anthranilic acid from phthal-imide. It may be mentioned that for aliphatic monoamides containing more than eight carbon atoms aqueous alkaline hypohalite gives poor yields of the amines. Good results are obtained by treatment of the amide (C > 8) in methanol with sodium methoxide and bromine, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting N-alkyl methyl carbamate ... 

Tertiary aliphatic - aromatic amines, unlike those of the aliphatic series, react with nitrous acid with the formation of G-nitroso compounds the nitroso group enters almost exclusively in the para position if available, otherwise in the ortho position. Thus dimethylaniline yields />-nitrosodiniethylaniline ... 

Purely aromatic ethers e.g., diphenyl ether), which are commonly encountered, are very hmited in number. Most of the aromatic ethers are of the mixed aliphatic - aromatic type. They are not attacked by sodium nor by dilute acids or alkahs. When hquid, the physical proper-ties (b.p., d . and ) are useful constants to assist in their identification. Three important procedures are available for the characterisation of aromatic ethers. 

The mixed aliphatic - aromatic ethers are somewhat more reactive in addition to cleavage by strong hydriodio acid and also by constant b.p. hydrobromio acid in acetic acid solution into phenols and alkyl halides, they may be bromi-nated, nitrated and converted into sulphonamides (Section IV,106,2). 

Aliphatic—aromatic poly(amide—imides) based on N,1S7-bis(carboxyalkyl)-benzophenone-3,3, 4,4 -tetracarboxyhc diimides have shown a 10% weight loss at 400°C (14). 

Ansamacrolides. Antibiotics ia the ansamacroHde family ate also referred to as ansamycias. They are benzenoid or naphthalenoid aromatic compounds ia which nonadjacent positions are bridged by an aliphatic chain to form a cycHc stmcture. One of the aliphatic—aromatic junctions is always an amide bond. Rifampin is a semisyntheticaHy derived member of this family and has clinical importance. It has selective antibacterial activity and inhibits RNA polymerase. 

Usually best choice for desiccation of gases (<3% water) such as argon, helium, hydrogen, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, air, and chemical classes such as aliphatics, aromatics, halogenated compounds, oxygenated compounds (siUca gel, zeoHtes, activated alumina all alternatives some regenerable, some not). 

Polyamide or polyimide polymers are resistant to aliphatic, aromatic, and chlorinated or fluorinated hydrocarbons as well as to many acidic and basic systems but are degraded by high-temperature caustic exposures. 

Me3SiNHS020SiMe3, CH2CI2, 30°, 0.5 h, 92-98% yield. Higher yields of trimethylsilyl derivatives are realized by reaction of aliphatic, aromatic, and carboxylic hydroxyl groups with A, <9-bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfamate than by reaction with N,<9-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide. ... 

Reduce the size of the alphabet from 20 amino acids to a smaller alphabet of, say, six (aliphatic, aromatic, charged, polar, glycine, proline). 

Torlon-type polymers are unaffected by aliphatic, aromatic, chlorinated and fluorinated hydrocarbons, dilute acids, aldehydes, ketones, ethers and esters. Resistance to alkalis is poor. They have excellent resistance to radiation. If a total of 10 Mrad is absorbed at a radiation dosage of 1 Mrad/h the tensile strength decreases by only 5%. 

The fluids have reasonably good chemical resistance but are attacked by concentrated mineral acids and alkalis. They are soluble in aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, which is to be expected from the low solubility parameter of 14.9 MPa. They are insoluble in solvents of higher solubility parameter such as acetone, ethylene glycol and water. They are themselves very poor solvents. Some physical properties of the dimethylsilicone fluids are summarised in Table 29.2. 

The properties of the resins provide information about their suitability for specific applications and may also help to predict some characteristics as aliphatic/ aromatic character, unsaturation degree, etc. 

A more quantitative estimation of compatibility can be obtained with the solvent cloud point test. The solvent cloud point is based on the idea that resins will be compatible with elastomers of similar chemical nature. Thus aliphatic resins will be effective tackifiers for aliphatic elastomers, such as natural rubber, while aromatic solvents are needed for aromatic elastomers, such as SBR. Solvent cloud point tests are carried out in three solvent systems which represent aliphatic, aromatic, or polar systems [16j ... 

Aliphatic/aromatic. Copolymerization of aliphatic monomers (terpenes, cyclic C5, and acyclic C5) with the aromatic C9 petroleum stream is used to produce... 

A typical formula would consist of 18-28 parts of SBS rubber, 50-60 parts of an aliphatic/aromatic tackifier with about 15-30% aromaticity (for long open time), and 15-30 parts of a white oil or a very clean process oil. Formulations are designed to maximize open time, while maintaining adequate heat resi.stance (maintenance of bond strength upon aging at 40-55 C — warehouse conditions). 

Fluorinated rubbers, copolymers of hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene-fluorides, have excellent resistance to oils, fuels and lubricants at temperatures up to 200°C. They have better resistance to aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons and most mineral acids than other rubbers, but their high cost restricts their engineering applications. Cheremisinoff et al. [54] provide extensive physical and mechanical properties data on engineering plastics. A glossary of terms concerned with fabrication and properties of plastics is given in the last section of this chapter. 

Fettalkohol, m. fat alcohol, fett-arm, a. poor in fat. -aromatisch, a. aliphatic-aromatic. -artig, a. fat-like, fatty, lipoid. 

Benzene derivatives. Tbe nomenclature is a combination of the lUPAC system and traditional names. Many of the derivatives are named by the substituent group appearing as the prefbt. These may be considered a subclass of the aliphatic-aromatic hydrocarbon family, which contains both aliphatic and aromatic units in its structures. Thus, alkylbenzenes are made up of a benzene ring and alkane units alkenylbenzenes are Composed of a benzene ring and alkene units and alkynylbenzenes comprise a benzene ring and alkyne units. Examples of alkylbenzenes include... 

Aliphatic, aromatic and vinylic aldehydes can be employed in this reaction with similar yields and enantioselectivities. When chiral aldehydes are utilized, excellent diastereoselectivity is obtained for matched cases, whereas mismatched cases yield products with moderate to good diastereoselectivity (Scheme 9.13a) [67]. The limitation of the methodology is that only terminal vinylepoxides can be obtained. 

The tartrate ester modified allylboronates, the diisopropyl 2-allyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane-4,5-di-carboxylates, are attractive reagents for organic synthesis owing to their ease of preparation and stability to storage71. In the best cases these reagents are about as enantioselective as the allyl(diisopinocampheyl)boranes (82-88% ee with unhindered aliphatic aldehydes), but with hindered aliphatic, aromatic, a,/l-unsaturated and many a- and /5-alkoxy-substituted aldehydes the enantioselectivity falls to 55-75% ee71a-b... 

A novel application of a phenyl aryldiazosulfone was found by Kessler et al. (1990). l-[4-(7V-Chlorocarbonyl-7V-methylamino)phenyl]-2-(phenylsulfonyl)diazene (6.18) is an acid chloride with a potential diazonio group. The above authors showed that in organic solvents (THF, etc.) this compound reacts easily, as expected, with nucleophiles (HNu), e.g., with aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic amines, with cystine dimethyl ester, or with 4-methoxyphenol at the carbonyl function, yielding... 

Primary aromatic amines (e.g., aniline) and secondary aliphatic-aromatic amines (e. g., 7V-methylaniline) usually form triazenes in coupling reactions with benzenedi-azonium salts. If the nucleophilicity of the aryl residue is increased by addition of substituents or fused rings, as in 3-methylaniline and 1- and 2-naphthylamine, aminoazo formation takes place (C-coupling). However, the possibility has also been noted that in aminoazo formation the initial attack of the diazonium ion may still be at the amine N-atom, but the aN-complex might rearrange too rapidly to allow its identification (Beranek and Vecera, 1970). 

Most of the examples concern substituted diphenyl sulphones, with the anti-leprotic agent 4,4 -diaminodiphenyl sulphone taking a prominent place. Cates and Meloan56 separated aliphatic, aromatic and cyclic sulphones using helium carrier gas and thermal... 

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