Aromatic and aliphatic

If you score less than 80%, then work through the text and re-test 

1 C-H bonds are covalent and stable, each atom having a complete shell. Carbon can form strong C-C bonds easily, and so there are many opportunities for these to form in chains of various lengths Cor in rjrigs). 

2 Living things, plants and animals when they die are the source of organic compounds. Ultimately, all the carbon in plants comes from the carbon dioxide in the air. 

3 A series of compounds all containing the same kinds of atoms and all the compounds having the same overall general formula, e.g. alkanes C H2 +2- 

4 Because C is in Group 4 of the periodic table and gains its stable octet only by sharing electrons, i.e. covalent bonding. 

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Hofmann s amine synthesis can be applied to both aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acid amides, benzamide, C HsCONH, thus giving aniline, C4H5NH,. 

One of the chief differences between aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons... 

Both aliphatic and aromatic nitro-compounds can be readily reduced in acid solution to the corresponding primary amine. Thus when a mixture of nitrobenzene and tin is treated with hydrochloric acid, the tin dissolves to give stannous chloride, SnCh, which in these circumstances then reacts with more acid to give stannic chloride, SnCl, and the nascent hydrogen produced from... 

A further difference between aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons is that only the latter are capable of direct sulphonation. Thus benzene when heated with concentrated sulphuric acid gives benzenesulphonic acid, a reaction which proceeds more readily, however, if chlorosulphonic acid is used instead of sulphuric acid an excess of chlorosulphonic acid however may convert the sul phonic acid into the sulphonyl chloride (c/. p. 181). 

Acyl halides, both aliphatic and aromatic, react with the sodium derivative, but the product depends largely on the solvent used. Thus acetyl chloride reacts with the sodium derivative (E) suspended in ether to give mainly the C-derivative (t) and in pyridine solution to give chiefly the O-derivative (2). These isomeric compounds can be readily distinguished, because the C-derivative (1) can still by enolisation act as a weak acid and is therefore... 

The isolation of an aliphatic acid from its aqueous solution, particularly in the presence of metallic salts, is a tedious operation (cf. p. 56), although a few such acids, e.g., succinic acid, can be extracted with ether. Since, however, a solution of an acid or one of Its salts is admirably suited for most of the tests in this series, the isolation of the free acid is rarely necessary except as a nieans of distinguishing (as in (i)) between aliphatic and aromatic members. 

Aliphatic and aromatic acids, simple and substituted, vary con siderably in their properties, and no one reaction for the preparation of crystalline derivatives is general. The following are recommended as most promising. 

Those reactions which are common to both aliphatic and aromatic amines and have been described under Aliphatic Amines (Section 111,123) will not be repeated in this Section except where differences in experimental technique occur. 

The melting points of the derivatives of a number of tertiary amines, both aliphatic and aromatic, are coUeoted in Table IV,100C. 

Tertiary Aliphatic and Aromatic Amines, Table IV, lOOC. 

Formic acid is a good reducing agent in the presence of Pd on carbon as a catalyst. Aromatic nitro compounds are reduced to aniline with formic acid[100]. Selective reduction of one nitro group in 2,4-dinitrotoluene (112) with triethylammonium formate is possible[101]. o-Nitroacetophenone (113) is first reduced to o-aminoacetophenone, then to o-ethylaniline when an excess of formate is used[102]. Ammonium and potassium formate are also used for the reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds. Pd on carbon is a good catalyst[103,104]. NaBH4 is also used for the Pd-catalyzed reduction of nitro compounds 105]. However, the ,/)-unsaturated nitroalkene 114 is partially reduced to the oxime 115 with ammonium formate[106]... 

The reactivity of alkylthiazoles possessing a functional group linked to the side-chain is discussed here neither in detail nor exhaustively since it is analogous to that of classical aliphatic and aromatic compounds. These reactions are essentially of a synthetic nature. In fact, the cyclization methods discussed in Chapter II lead to thiazoles possessing functional groups on the alkyl chain if the aliphatic compounds to be cyclized, carrying the substituent on what will become the alkyl side chain, are available. If this is not the case, another functional substituent can be introduced on the side-chain by cyclization and can then be converted to the desired substituent by a classical reaction. 

Hydrocarbons are divided into two mam classes aliphatic and aromatic This classifi cation dates from the nineteenth century when organic chemistry was devoted almost entirely to the study of materials from natural sources and terms were coined that reflected a substance s origin Two sources were fats and oils and the word aliphatic was derived from the Greek word aleiphar meaning ( fat ) Aromatic hydrocarbons irre spective of their own odor were typically obtained by chemical treatment of pleasant smelling plant extracts... 

Petroleum resins are low molecular weight thermoplastic hydrocarbon resins synthesized from steam cracked petroleum distillates. These resins are differentiated from higher molecular weight polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which are produced from essentially pure monomers. Petroleum resin feedstocks are composed of various reactive and nonreactive aliphatic and aromatic components. The resins are usually classified as C-5... 

The reaction of aliphatic and aromatic mercaptans with aziridines yields thioethers (117—119). 

Hydrazinopyridazines are easily formylated with formic acid or ethyl formate and acety-lated with acetic anhydride. A-Pyridazinylthiosemicarbazides are obtained from thiocyanates or alkyl- and aryl-isothiocyanates. Hydrazinopyridazines condense with aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and ketones to give hydrazones. 

Primary and secondary aliphatic and aromatic amines react readily with thiiranes to give 2-mercaptoethylamine derivatives (Scheme 76) (76RCR25, 66CRV297). The reaction fails or gives poor yields with amines which are sterically hindered e.g. N,iV-dicyclohexylamine) or whose nitrogen atom is weakly basic e.g. N,A/ -diphenylamine). Aromatic amines are less reactive and higher reaction temperatures are usually required for them. The reaction mechanism is Sn2 and substituted thiiranes are attacked preferentially at the least hindered... 

Polysulfide 150 Excellent resistance to oils, gasoline, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. Very good water resistance, good alkali resistance, fair acid resistance. Poor mechanical properties. 

Acrylic 450 Good beat resistance but poor cold resistance. Good resistance to oils, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Poor resistance to water, alkalies, some acids. 

The procedures as outlined are applicable to both the aliphatic and aromatic series. They are superior to the common interchange method in that they avoid the fractional distillation which is very troublesome in the aliphatic series. They have been used in numerous instances and can be adapted to give mixed anli3"drides. Benzoic anhydride has been obtained, by closely related procedures, from benzoic acid and benzoyl chloride by heating under reduced pressure or in the presence of zinc chloride. 

In appearance and on handling the material is somewhat intermediate between a wax and a rubber. It is also semi-tacky. Like isotactic polypropylene it is attacked by oxygen but unlike the isotactic material it swells extensively in aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons at room temperature. It is also compatible with mineral fillers, bitumens and many resins. 

Better resistance to many chemicals associated with the automobile industry. This covers not only commonly used automobile fuels, oils and greases, but detergents, alcohols, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and alkaline chemicals. 

However, certain additives can decrease the rate of thermal decomposition [28]. These additives include cyclic sulfates, sulfones, sultones, aliphatic and aromatic anhydrides, and polymers with pendant carboxylic acid functional groups. Most of these materials are latent acids, which decompose on heating in the presence of moisture to form a strong acid, as shown for cyclic sulfate, 9, in Eq. 5. 

Low surface energy substrates, such as polyethylene or polypropylene, are generally difficult to bond with adhesives. However, cyanoacrylate-based adhesives can be effectively utilized to bond polyolefins with the use of the proper primer/activa-tor on the surface. Primer materials include tertiary aliphatic and aromatic amines, trialkyl ammonium carboxylate salts, tetraalkyl ammonium salts, phosphines, and organometallic compounds, which are initiators for alkyl cyanoacrylate polymerization [33-36]. The primer is applied as a dilute solution to the polyolefin surface, solvent is allowed to evaporate, and the specimens are assembled with a small amount of the adhesive. With the use of primers, adhesive strength can be so strong that substrate failure occurs during the course of the shear tests, as shown in Fig. 11. 

Viton 212 Mineral Oils, Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Sulfur Carbon Carbons, Trichloroethylene, Perchliroethylene... 

It has been observed that the best neutral cation carriers have the synclinal arrangement of binding atoms in the backbone (see 7.2). Syntheses of both an aliphatic and aromatic ligand are shown below in Eqs. (7.12) and (7.13). 

Carvone, menthone, acetophenone etc Apply an aadic solution of 2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazine, 4-nitrophenylhydrazine or 2,4-dinitro-phenylsemicarbazide onto the previously applied sample solution Aliphatic and aromatic hydra-zones and carbazones can be differentiated by their colors [82]... 

The fluorination of organometallics with Al-fluoroamide reagents has received Only limited attention. Grignard reagents, both aliphatic and aromatic, are converted to organofluonne compounds. Both the electron transfer and the Sf,j2 ntechamsms have been considered in these processes [SO, 81, 82], The reactions 0 exemplified in equation 46 [48, 69, 70, 71, 75] Organosilanes are also fluonnated [71] (equation 47)... 

Both aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids are converted to their fluorides by FAR [78, 79, by the Ishikawa reagent [S/], and by fluoroaminosulfuranes such as DAST [128, 166] and its analogues [128]... 

Catalytic reduction of fluormated aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to give oximes and amines was described previously, as was the use of dissolving metals to prepare amines [Si] Refmement of these techniques has resulted in optimized yields and, as indicated in equations 69 and 70, in selective reductions [S6, 87]... 

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