Immune response influences

However, not all EDs with a high log possess or require the ability to bioaccnmulate in order to be biologically active. For example, phthalate plasticisers, chlorophenols from Kraft mill effluents and natural or synthetic hormones can influence an organism s hormone profile and affect reproductive function and immune response without exhibiting bioaccnmiilation. ... 

The glucocorticoids influence or regulate functions such as the immune response system, the regulation of glucose, fat and protein metabolism, and control of the anti-inflammatory response. Table 50-1 describes the activity of the glucocorticoids within the body. 

The risk of injection inpatients treated with BRMs must be considered when selecting and monitoring therapy.36 Influencing the immune response to reduce symptoms of RA may influence the body s response to pathogens. Of particular concern is the... 

Psoriasis is a T-lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory disease that results from a complex interplay between multiple genetic factors and environmental influences. Genetic predisposition coupled with some precipitating factor triggers an abnormal immune response, resulting in the initial psoriatic skin lesions. Keratinocyte proliferation is central to the clinical presentation of psoriasis. 

IFN-y also directly modulates the immune response by affecting growth, differentiation and function of both T- and B-lymphocytes. These effects are quite complex and are often influenced by additional cytokines. IFN-y acts as a growth factor in an autocrine manner for some T cell sub-populations, and it is capable of suppressing growth of other T cell types. It appears to have an inhibitory effect on development of immature B-lymphocyte populations, but it may support mature B cell survival. It can both up-regulate and down-regulate antibody production under various circumstances. 

Prescott, C.A., B.N. Wilke, B. Hunter, and R.J. Julian. 1982. Influence of apurified grade of pentachlorophenol on the immune response of chickens. Amer. Jour. Veterin. Res. 43 481 -487. 

A variety of lipid adjuvants and protein mediators have also been shown to influence the immune response to antigens encapsulated in liposomes. The most widely used examples of such adjuvants for practical immunization procedures are endotoxin (including lipid A and lipopolysaccharide) and numerous types of lipophilic derivatives of muramyl dipeptide. 

To examine the influence of different routes of administration of lipospheres on their immunogenicity, rabbits were immunized orally or parenterally (by subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, and intravenous routes) with lipospheres made of tristearin and lecithin (1 1 molar ratio) and containing the malaria antigen. The immune response obtained was followed with time for a period of 12 weeks postimmunization. 

Psychological stress may influence the immune system by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis (SAM). The well-described innervation of primary and secondary lymphoid tissues by the autonomic nervous system also has been implicated in stress-related modulation of the immune response. These pathways operate by producing biological mediators that interact with and affect cellular components of the immune system.13... 

It is possible to identify various factors that confer on chemicals the ability to induce skin sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis. These include the capacity to gain access to the viable epidermis across the stratum corneum, to associate stably with host proteins, to provoke a certain degree of proinflammatory cytokine production by skin cells, and to be recognized by specific T lymphocytes. The effectiveness with which these requirements are met, and possibly other properties of the chemical that influence the vigor of induced immune responses, together with the extent of exposure, will dictate the degree to which sensitization is achieved. 

In summary, therefore, the ability to tolerate dietary exposure to food proteins does not demand the suppression of all immune responses, but rather the avoidance or selective inhibition of immune responses of the quality required for IgE antibody production and allergic sensitization. Against this background an intriguing question relates to the nature of factors that influence the loss or failure of immunological tolerance and acquisition of allergic sensitization to food proteins, and which underlie inter-individual differences in susceptibility to food allergy [43],... 

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