Responses humorous

Pritchard, D.I., Quinnell, R.J., Slater, A.F.G., McKean, P.G., Dale, D.D.S., Raiko, A. and Keymer, A. (1990) Epidemiology and immunology of Necator americanus infection in a community in Papua New Guinea humoral responses to excretory-secretory and cuticular collagen antigens. Parasitology 100, 317-326. 

Vaccines, regardless of the method of manufacture (vaccines were defined as agents administered for the purpose of eliciting an antigen-specific cellular or humoral response). 

Luster et al., 1992a, b). Specifically, the use of either a humoral response assay for plaque-forming colonies (PFC response) or determination of surface marker expression in combination with almost any other parameter significantly increased the ability to predict immunotoxicity when compared to the predictivity of any assay alone. 

As described previously, the humoral immune response results in the proliferation, activation, and subsequent production of antibodies by B cells following antigenic exposure and stimulation. The functionality and interplay between the three primary types of immune cells (macrophage, B cells, and T cells) required to elicit a humoral response can be assessed through various in vitro assays using cells from the peripheral blood or lymphoid tissues. 

Nakae S, Komiyama Y. Nambu A. Sudo K. Iwase M, Homma I. Sekikawa K, Asano M, Iwakura Y Antigen-specific T cell sensitization is impaired in IL-17-deflcient mice, causing suppression of allergic cellular and humoral responses. Immunity 2002 17 375-387. 

The two examples from our work we are going to describe below are the design and study of liposomal diepitope constructs combining either (i) B and T-helper (Th) peptide epitopes, which induced particularly powerful humoral responses (21) (Fig. 3) or (ii) CTL and Th epitopes, which provided a powerful antitumor vaccine (74) (Fig. 4). For the production of these constructs we have conjugated peptides that contain a cysteine residue either at the N- or C-terminus, to the surface of preformed liposomes by reaction with thiol reactive functionalized phospholipids and/or PamaCys lipopeptide anchors (Fig. 2). To that end, we have developed strategies that give, in aqueous media, high... 

Potent Humoral Response Elicited by Liposomal Diepitope Constructs... 

IRIV adjuvance in hepatitis A vaccination has been demonstrated as enhancement of humoral responses (1). There are only few adjuvants licensed for human use and they predominantly enhance humoral immune responses (2-4). In view of chronic viral diseases, infections linked to intracellular pathogens, and cancer immunotherapy, there is a need for appropriate adjuvants that have the capability to enhance cellular immune responses, in particular cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses (4,5). Here, we addressed IRIV-elicited immune responses and IRIV capacity to enhance CTL responses. 

Currently there are few methods for specific investigation of immunotoxic effects, which are regarded as sufficiently validated for routine use (EC 2003). The plaque forming assay or the equivalent using the ELISA method (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay) are recommended to identify altered T-cell-dependent humoral responses. Of particular value for hazard assessment are the so-called host resistance models, in which the clinical relevance of immunotoxicity can be evaluated. Other methods may also be of value to provide information on the mode of immunotoxic action, e.g., mitogen stimulation tests and leucocyte phenotyping. However, further work is needed on standardization and validation of these test methods. 

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